CMN 323 Exam 2
Argument by Example: Definition - Answer -Using examples to strengthen an argument by making either
a generalization or an illustration
Argument by Example: Explanation - Answer -A generalization would be making a specific situation apply
more broadly, showing a pattern, and an illustration would be making a general situation apply to a
specific situation. In order to ensure that the example(s) are as supportive of the argument as possible,
one must ensure that there are enough examples, that the examples are representative, and that the
narrative is coherent both internally (makes sense within the given situation on its own terms) and
externally (makes sense in other, broader contexts)
Argument by Example: Example - Answer -In Obama's speech, he uses an illustration example of a man
who lost his healthcare coverage in the middle of chemotherapy and died because he forgot to tell his
insurance company about gallstones that he didn't even know he had.
Argument by Cause: Definition - Answer -An argument based on the claim that one event (x) directly
caused a specific effect (y)
Argument by Cause: Explanation - Answer -In order to form a strong argument by cause, one must
ensure that it is causation and not correlation, that the argument is not based off of sequential fallacy (if
something happens, you assume the cause was what occurred just before), one must consider if there
are any alternate causes, and if there could be multiple different causes.
Argument by Cause: Example - Answer -In Thunberg's speech, she argues that climate change is due to
human intervention, not natural causes.
, Value/Value Argument: Definition - Answer -An argument that attempts to gain the assent of the
audience through appealing to values and morals, or the things that make up our identity and we deem
good and honorable.
Value/Value Argument: Explanation - Answer -To construct a sound value argument, one must define
the value, present authority for the value, present the significance of the value by comparing it to
others, apply it to a concrete situation, and present a judgement. For this, one can use universal values
(values that apply to everyone), specific values (values that are particular to a person, culture, or
notion), or comparative/hierarchal values (values where one informs the other, or that are within a
structure and can be ranked in terms of personal importance)
Value/Value Argument: Example - Answer -In MLK Jr.'s speech, he argues that nonconformity and
morality should be valued more than conformity and the power and success that comes with it
Universal Values: Definition - Answer -Things or morals that guide or are important to nearly everyone
Universal Values: Explanation - Answer -Universal values can be used to gain the assent of an audience
by providing reasoning that is based off of a widely supported notion.
Universal Values: Example - Answer -In JFK's speech, he bases his argument off of the universal value
that we should treat others how we want to be treated.
King's Use of Comparative Values: Definition - Answer -Values where one informs the other, or that are
within a structure and can be ranked in terms of personal importance
King's Use of Comparative Values: Explanation - Answer -This causes the audience to reevaluate what
they find important and leave them open to the positions of the arguer
King's Use of Comparative Values: Example - Answer -In MLK Jr.'s speech, he argues that nonconformity
and morality should be more valued than conformity and the power and success that comes with it
Locus of the Existent: Definition - Answer -An argument based on a realist perspective in which one
relies on what is actually occurring, and not theoretical situations or ideas
Argument by Example: Definition - Answer -Using examples to strengthen an argument by making either
a generalization or an illustration
Argument by Example: Explanation - Answer -A generalization would be making a specific situation apply
more broadly, showing a pattern, and an illustration would be making a general situation apply to a
specific situation. In order to ensure that the example(s) are as supportive of the argument as possible,
one must ensure that there are enough examples, that the examples are representative, and that the
narrative is coherent both internally (makes sense within the given situation on its own terms) and
externally (makes sense in other, broader contexts)
Argument by Example: Example - Answer -In Obama's speech, he uses an illustration example of a man
who lost his healthcare coverage in the middle of chemotherapy and died because he forgot to tell his
insurance company about gallstones that he didn't even know he had.
Argument by Cause: Definition - Answer -An argument based on the claim that one event (x) directly
caused a specific effect (y)
Argument by Cause: Explanation - Answer -In order to form a strong argument by cause, one must
ensure that it is causation and not correlation, that the argument is not based off of sequential fallacy (if
something happens, you assume the cause was what occurred just before), one must consider if there
are any alternate causes, and if there could be multiple different causes.
Argument by Cause: Example - Answer -In Thunberg's speech, she argues that climate change is due to
human intervention, not natural causes.
, Value/Value Argument: Definition - Answer -An argument that attempts to gain the assent of the
audience through appealing to values and morals, or the things that make up our identity and we deem
good and honorable.
Value/Value Argument: Explanation - Answer -To construct a sound value argument, one must define
the value, present authority for the value, present the significance of the value by comparing it to
others, apply it to a concrete situation, and present a judgement. For this, one can use universal values
(values that apply to everyone), specific values (values that are particular to a person, culture, or
notion), or comparative/hierarchal values (values where one informs the other, or that are within a
structure and can be ranked in terms of personal importance)
Value/Value Argument: Example - Answer -In MLK Jr.'s speech, he argues that nonconformity and
morality should be valued more than conformity and the power and success that comes with it
Universal Values: Definition - Answer -Things or morals that guide or are important to nearly everyone
Universal Values: Explanation - Answer -Universal values can be used to gain the assent of an audience
by providing reasoning that is based off of a widely supported notion.
Universal Values: Example - Answer -In JFK's speech, he bases his argument off of the universal value
that we should treat others how we want to be treated.
King's Use of Comparative Values: Definition - Answer -Values where one informs the other, or that are
within a structure and can be ranked in terms of personal importance
King's Use of Comparative Values: Explanation - Answer -This causes the audience to reevaluate what
they find important and leave them open to the positions of the arguer
King's Use of Comparative Values: Example - Answer -In MLK Jr.'s speech, he argues that nonconformity
and morality should be more valued than conformity and the power and success that comes with it
Locus of the Existent: Definition - Answer -An argument based on a realist perspective in which one
relies on what is actually occurring, and not theoretical situations or ideas
