CMN 102 Final Exam Study Guide
Outcomes of Social Support - Answer -1. Physical health
2. Psychological health
3. Emotional health
Reasons scientists perform research - Answer -Explain
Predict
Make a Difference
Explain - Answer -Explain why people behave the way they do
Predict - Answer -Know what causes certain effects
Make a difference - Answer -1. message that needs to be communicated in order to get action
2. belief in their work
3. purpose
- Answer -something that changes/fluctuates
any concept that has 2+ variables
,Conceptual - Answer -a statement that describes a concept in terms of it's a theoretical concept
ex: how might we define anger?
Operational - Answer -a statement that describes a concept in terms of its observable characteristics or
behaviors
ex: how might we measure anger?
Hypothesis - Answer -an educated guess; a prediction based on previous research
Research Questions - Answer -a novel finding, no one's ever studied that topic
OR topic has been studied before, mixed findings
Confounding Variable - Answer -
Independent Variable - Answer -a variable whose variation does not depend on that of another
Dependent Variable - Answer -a variable whose value depends on that of another
How is experimental research characterized? - Answer -O = measurement (survey)
X = message
R = random assignment
One shot case study - Answer -Group 1: X O1
Weaknesses: only 1 group, no comparison group, lack of randomization, no pretest, too simplistic
- Answer -Group 1: RO1 X O2
Group 2: RO1 O2
Strenghts: compare/contrast between 2 groups; show a difference from pre-test to post-test
Weaknesses: both groups are getting a pre-test (no treatment)
,Posttest-only control group design - Answer -Group 1: R X O1
Group 2: R O1
Strengths: randomization; 2 groups/comparison; no pre-test
Weaknesses: we don't know if the differences seen are because of the video
Solomon Four Design - Answer -*As good as it gets
Group 1: RO1 X O2
Group 2: RO1 O2
Group 3: R X O1
Group 4: R O1
Weaknesses: requires too many participants
How is descriptive research characterized - Answer -Research occurring w/in a naturalistic setting
In-depth Interviews - Answer -i. Goal is to understand the interviewee's (informants) experience and
perspective through stories and accounts
ii. Understand native conceptualizations
iii. Verify and validate info from other sources
iv. Understand interpretations motivating actions
Focus Groups - Answer -i. Interview 6-12 people in a setting
ii. Typically 90 mins in length
iii. Exploit the group effect
Moderator Role (focus groups) - Answer -*need a really good moderator, person who leads the focus
group
Goals of Focus Groups - Answer -message effectiveness, strengths, weaknesses, sensitivity,
comprehension, emotional response, etc
, 3 Ways to Observe - Answer -1. Complete Participant
2. Participant as Observer
3. Complete Observer
Complete Participant - Answer -studies a group that they're already in
Participant as Observer - Answer -someone from outside comes into study group
Complete Observer - Answer -someone observes group and nobody knows it
Member Checking - Answer -refers to interviews that verify, validate, or comment on info obtained from
other sources
Data Saturation - Answer -the point in data collection when no new or relevant info is obtained
Significance of Study - Answer -i. Hypothesis or research question clearly presented
ii. Feasibility of study
iii. Theoretical or practical contribution
Validity - Answer -reflects the degree to which a study adequately reflects real meaning of a
phenomenon
External Validity - Answer -refers to degree to which study findings can be generalized to other samples
and contexts
Internal Validity - Answer -refers w/ whether outcomes are a result of experimental treatment
Definitions of Argument - Answer -making a claim about some person, place or thing and supporting it
w/ reasons for the benefit of some audience
Outcomes of Social Support - Answer -1. Physical health
2. Psychological health
3. Emotional health
Reasons scientists perform research - Answer -Explain
Predict
Make a Difference
Explain - Answer -Explain why people behave the way they do
Predict - Answer -Know what causes certain effects
Make a difference - Answer -1. message that needs to be communicated in order to get action
2. belief in their work
3. purpose
- Answer -something that changes/fluctuates
any concept that has 2+ variables
,Conceptual - Answer -a statement that describes a concept in terms of it's a theoretical concept
ex: how might we define anger?
Operational - Answer -a statement that describes a concept in terms of its observable characteristics or
behaviors
ex: how might we measure anger?
Hypothesis - Answer -an educated guess; a prediction based on previous research
Research Questions - Answer -a novel finding, no one's ever studied that topic
OR topic has been studied before, mixed findings
Confounding Variable - Answer -
Independent Variable - Answer -a variable whose variation does not depend on that of another
Dependent Variable - Answer -a variable whose value depends on that of another
How is experimental research characterized? - Answer -O = measurement (survey)
X = message
R = random assignment
One shot case study - Answer -Group 1: X O1
Weaknesses: only 1 group, no comparison group, lack of randomization, no pretest, too simplistic
- Answer -Group 1: RO1 X O2
Group 2: RO1 O2
Strenghts: compare/contrast between 2 groups; show a difference from pre-test to post-test
Weaknesses: both groups are getting a pre-test (no treatment)
,Posttest-only control group design - Answer -Group 1: R X O1
Group 2: R O1
Strengths: randomization; 2 groups/comparison; no pre-test
Weaknesses: we don't know if the differences seen are because of the video
Solomon Four Design - Answer -*As good as it gets
Group 1: RO1 X O2
Group 2: RO1 O2
Group 3: R X O1
Group 4: R O1
Weaknesses: requires too many participants
How is descriptive research characterized - Answer -Research occurring w/in a naturalistic setting
In-depth Interviews - Answer -i. Goal is to understand the interviewee's (informants) experience and
perspective through stories and accounts
ii. Understand native conceptualizations
iii. Verify and validate info from other sources
iv. Understand interpretations motivating actions
Focus Groups - Answer -i. Interview 6-12 people in a setting
ii. Typically 90 mins in length
iii. Exploit the group effect
Moderator Role (focus groups) - Answer -*need a really good moderator, person who leads the focus
group
Goals of Focus Groups - Answer -message effectiveness, strengths, weaknesses, sensitivity,
comprehension, emotional response, etc
, 3 Ways to Observe - Answer -1. Complete Participant
2. Participant as Observer
3. Complete Observer
Complete Participant - Answer -studies a group that they're already in
Participant as Observer - Answer -someone from outside comes into study group
Complete Observer - Answer -someone observes group and nobody knows it
Member Checking - Answer -refers to interviews that verify, validate, or comment on info obtained from
other sources
Data Saturation - Answer -the point in data collection when no new or relevant info is obtained
Significance of Study - Answer -i. Hypothesis or research question clearly presented
ii. Feasibility of study
iii. Theoretical or practical contribution
Validity - Answer -reflects the degree to which a study adequately reflects real meaning of a
phenomenon
External Validity - Answer -refers to degree to which study findings can be generalized to other samples
and contexts
Internal Validity - Answer -refers w/ whether outcomes are a result of experimental treatment
Definitions of Argument - Answer -making a claim about some person, place or thing and supporting it
w/ reasons for the benefit of some audience
