CMN 102 Exam 1 Lecture + Reading
3 Main Reasons Scientists Perform Research - Answer -1) Explain
2) Predict
3) Make A Difference
Variable - Answer -Any concept that can have two or more values (Ex: automobile, political orientation,
ethnicity, attitude, behavior)
Hypothesis - Answer -Educated guess, good idea how things will work (statement)
Research Question - Answer -No sense of how the variables will interact (question)
Confounding Variable - Answer -Those that are not assessed but obscure the relationship between two
measured variables
V1= hours studying
V2= test scores
CF = grade IQ, good test taker or not
Experimental Research - Answer -A controlled test of a cause and effect relationship independent and
dependent variables
,O - Answer -Measurement, observation (survey)
X - Answer -Message
R - Answer -Random Assignment
One-Shot Case Study - Answer -X O
Group of individuals who observe the message:
Strength = immediate feedback, inexpensive
Weakness = no comparison group, no randomization
Not Recommended!
Pretest-Posttest Control Group - Answer -Treatment: R O1 X O2 (Pre-test, treat, post test)
Control: R O2 O2 (Pre-test, post test)
Strength: comparison group, randomization, pre-test
Weakness: pre-test could effect post-test
Posttest-Only Control Group - Answer -Group 1 (treatment): R X O1 (Treat, Post-test)
Group 2: (control): R O1 (Post-Test)
Strength: eliminates the pre-test, randomized
Solomon Four Design - Answer -R O1 X O2 (Pretest, treat, post test)
R O1 O2 (Prestest, post test)
R X O1 (Treat, post test)
R O1 (Post test)
, Best Design
Weakness: takes a lot of people
Operational Definition - Answer -Statement that describes a concept in terms of its observable
characteristics or behaviors (Ex: how might we measure anger)
Linkart Scale - Answer -Scale (average of 4 responses to discover behaviors and feelings)
Descriptive Research - Answer -Occurs within a natural setting
Quantitive Research - Answer -Methods include surveys, content analysis
Qualitative Research - Answer -Methods include interviews, observation, focus groups
Ethnography - Answer -Involves a researcher living with community under study and learning the
language and culture of the community
Focus Groups - Answer -Interview 6-12 people in a setting (no more than 8 recommended), around 90
minutes in length. See how people respond to others and what they say
Observation - Answer -Observer/researcher goes in as a participant but no one knows they are doing
research.
Member Checking - Answer -Interviews that verify, validate or comment on information obtained from
other sources (enhances validity)
Data Saturation - Answer -Point in data collection when no new or relevant information is obtained
(don't know you are done measuring until you don't get any more info)
Quantitive Research: Advantage - Answer --Fast
3 Main Reasons Scientists Perform Research - Answer -1) Explain
2) Predict
3) Make A Difference
Variable - Answer -Any concept that can have two or more values (Ex: automobile, political orientation,
ethnicity, attitude, behavior)
Hypothesis - Answer -Educated guess, good idea how things will work (statement)
Research Question - Answer -No sense of how the variables will interact (question)
Confounding Variable - Answer -Those that are not assessed but obscure the relationship between two
measured variables
V1= hours studying
V2= test scores
CF = grade IQ, good test taker or not
Experimental Research - Answer -A controlled test of a cause and effect relationship independent and
dependent variables
,O - Answer -Measurement, observation (survey)
X - Answer -Message
R - Answer -Random Assignment
One-Shot Case Study - Answer -X O
Group of individuals who observe the message:
Strength = immediate feedback, inexpensive
Weakness = no comparison group, no randomization
Not Recommended!
Pretest-Posttest Control Group - Answer -Treatment: R O1 X O2 (Pre-test, treat, post test)
Control: R O2 O2 (Pre-test, post test)
Strength: comparison group, randomization, pre-test
Weakness: pre-test could effect post-test
Posttest-Only Control Group - Answer -Group 1 (treatment): R X O1 (Treat, Post-test)
Group 2: (control): R O1 (Post-Test)
Strength: eliminates the pre-test, randomized
Solomon Four Design - Answer -R O1 X O2 (Pretest, treat, post test)
R O1 O2 (Prestest, post test)
R X O1 (Treat, post test)
R O1 (Post test)
, Best Design
Weakness: takes a lot of people
Operational Definition - Answer -Statement that describes a concept in terms of its observable
characteristics or behaviors (Ex: how might we measure anger)
Linkart Scale - Answer -Scale (average of 4 responses to discover behaviors and feelings)
Descriptive Research - Answer -Occurs within a natural setting
Quantitive Research - Answer -Methods include surveys, content analysis
Qualitative Research - Answer -Methods include interviews, observation, focus groups
Ethnography - Answer -Involves a researcher living with community under study and learning the
language and culture of the community
Focus Groups - Answer -Interview 6-12 people in a setting (no more than 8 recommended), around 90
minutes in length. See how people respond to others and what they say
Observation - Answer -Observer/researcher goes in as a participant but no one knows they are doing
research.
Member Checking - Answer -Interviews that verify, validate or comment on information obtained from
other sources (enhances validity)
Data Saturation - Answer -Point in data collection when no new or relevant information is obtained
(don't know you are done measuring until you don't get any more info)
Quantitive Research: Advantage - Answer --Fast
