Exam 4: NUR 210/ NUR210 (Latest Principles of Pharmacology
Exam| Questions and Verified Answers|
what does selective toxicity mean? - toxic to a specific cell (bacteria/microorganism)
while sparing other normal cells
is bacterial resistance innate or acquired? - both- can be either
what is meant by bacterial resistance? - ability of an organism to survive against an
antimicrobial or to render the antimicrobial ineffective
What is a super infection? - when an infection arises in addition to one that is already
present; an infection that occurs because of treatment for a primary infection
what is meant by prophylactic antibiotic use? - antibiotics that are used to PREVENT
infection
what are three surgical procedures that increase the risk for infection? what is often
given with/after the procedures to decrease the risk of infection? - 1. orthopedic
2. cardiac
3. abdominal
prophylactic antibiotics given to reduce the risk of infection
why is there a risk for endocarditis with a patient who has an artificial valve, having
dental surgery? - in the gums are cut bacteria can get into the bloodstream and travel to
the heart and infect the artificial valve
What is bacteriostatic? - inhibits bacterial growth
what is bactericidal? - kills bacteria
What is a broad spectrum antibiotic? - - able to control a variety of organisms (gram - or
+)
- used when you cannot identify what the organism causing the disease is
- targets many bacteria ("shotgun approach)
when are broad spectrum antibiotics used? - when you do not know what organism is
causing the problem
What are narrow spectrum antibiotics? - - effective against few organisms (either Gram
positive OR Gram negative)
, - used when you know which organism is causing the problems and which drug that it is
sensitive to
- targets one organism ("bb gun approach)
When are narrow spectrum antibiotics used? - Whenever the bacteria causing the
disease is known
how can chemotherapy increase the risk for infection? what can be given with it to
reduce the risk for infection? - affects the bone marrow; prophylactic antibiotics
what are the 5 stages of infection? - 1. incubation
2. prodromal
3. acute
4. convalescent
5. resolution
what do bacteria change nitrate into? what does this indicate? - nitrite; indicates
bacteria in the urine
what is one body fluid that you dont take gram stains on? - blood
how fast does a gram stain come back? - within hours
how long does a culture and sensitivity test take to come back? - 24-72 hours
why should you get a urinalysis before a C & S (culture and sensitivity test)? -
sometimes there is normally bacteria in urine that is not causing an infection so you can
rule out an infection if you do a urinalysis first
what is leukocyte esterase? what does it indicate? - enzyme produced by WBCs;
indicates leukocytes in the urine
greater than what amount of erythrocytes is significant? - greater than 5 cells/hpf
greater than what amount of leukocytes indicates significant pyuria? - greater than 5
cells/hpf
What is a nosocomial infection? - hospital acquired infection
what happens to the virulence of a microorganism with a nosocomial infection? -
increases
what are the two exceptions for getting a culture BEFORE starting antibiotics? -
bacterial meningitis and severe sepsis
Exam| Questions and Verified Answers|
what does selective toxicity mean? - toxic to a specific cell (bacteria/microorganism)
while sparing other normal cells
is bacterial resistance innate or acquired? - both- can be either
what is meant by bacterial resistance? - ability of an organism to survive against an
antimicrobial or to render the antimicrobial ineffective
What is a super infection? - when an infection arises in addition to one that is already
present; an infection that occurs because of treatment for a primary infection
what is meant by prophylactic antibiotic use? - antibiotics that are used to PREVENT
infection
what are three surgical procedures that increase the risk for infection? what is often
given with/after the procedures to decrease the risk of infection? - 1. orthopedic
2. cardiac
3. abdominal
prophylactic antibiotics given to reduce the risk of infection
why is there a risk for endocarditis with a patient who has an artificial valve, having
dental surgery? - in the gums are cut bacteria can get into the bloodstream and travel to
the heart and infect the artificial valve
What is bacteriostatic? - inhibits bacterial growth
what is bactericidal? - kills bacteria
What is a broad spectrum antibiotic? - - able to control a variety of organisms (gram - or
+)
- used when you cannot identify what the organism causing the disease is
- targets many bacteria ("shotgun approach)
when are broad spectrum antibiotics used? - when you do not know what organism is
causing the problem
What are narrow spectrum antibiotics? - - effective against few organisms (either Gram
positive OR Gram negative)
, - used when you know which organism is causing the problems and which drug that it is
sensitive to
- targets one organism ("bb gun approach)
When are narrow spectrum antibiotics used? - Whenever the bacteria causing the
disease is known
how can chemotherapy increase the risk for infection? what can be given with it to
reduce the risk for infection? - affects the bone marrow; prophylactic antibiotics
what are the 5 stages of infection? - 1. incubation
2. prodromal
3. acute
4. convalescent
5. resolution
what do bacteria change nitrate into? what does this indicate? - nitrite; indicates
bacteria in the urine
what is one body fluid that you dont take gram stains on? - blood
how fast does a gram stain come back? - within hours
how long does a culture and sensitivity test take to come back? - 24-72 hours
why should you get a urinalysis before a C & S (culture and sensitivity test)? -
sometimes there is normally bacteria in urine that is not causing an infection so you can
rule out an infection if you do a urinalysis first
what is leukocyte esterase? what does it indicate? - enzyme produced by WBCs;
indicates leukocytes in the urine
greater than what amount of erythrocytes is significant? - greater than 5 cells/hpf
greater than what amount of leukocytes indicates significant pyuria? - greater than 5
cells/hpf
What is a nosocomial infection? - hospital acquired infection
what happens to the virulence of a microorganism with a nosocomial infection? -
increases
what are the two exceptions for getting a culture BEFORE starting antibiotics? -
bacterial meningitis and severe sepsis
