GENETICS FROM GENES TO GENOMES EXAM-2024
WITH QUESTIONS AND A+ GRADED CORRECT
ANSWERS
Recombinant frequency - CORRECT ANSWER# recombinant/ # offspring * 100
Coefficient of Coincidence - CORRECT ANSWERMeasures whether there was
interference in recombination
Griffith's Experiment - CORRECT ANSWERProved the "transforming principle" using
rough and smooth strain of pneumonia. Concluded that the type II-R had been
"transformed" into the lethal III-S strain by a "transforming principle"
Oswald Avery Experiment - CORRECT ANSWERShowed that DNA was the
"transforming principle." When isolated from one strain of bacteria. used heat to kill
virulent bacteria. Extracted RNA (ribonucleic acid), DNA, carbohydrates, lipids, and
proteins from these dead cells, all of which were considered to be possible candidates
for the carriers of genetic information. Next, he added each type of molecule to a culture
of live non-virulent bacteria to determine which was responsible for changing them into
virulent bacteria as Griffith had observed. Only the non-virulent cells which were given
DNA from the dead virulent strain became virulent,
Yanofsky's experiment - CORRECT ANSWEREstablished that gene sequences and
protein sequences are colinear in bacteria.showed that changes in DNA sequence can
produce changes in protein sequence at corresponding positions. His work revealed
how controlled alterations in RNA structure allow RNA to serve as a regulatory molecule
in both bacterial and animal cells.
Crick & Brenner Experiment - CORRECT ANSWERExperiment consisted of deleting
bases, one by one, in the DNA and showing that only after three bases had been
eliminated in close proximity did the DNA-transcribing system come back into correct
phase.Proved that the genetic code was a triplet code and that the triplets were not
separted by "punctuation."
Difference Between Prokaryote and Eukaryote - CORRECT ANSWERIn a prokaryotic
cell, transcription and translation are coupled; that is, translation begins while the mRNA
is still being synthesized. In a eukaryotic cell, transcription occurs in the nucleus, and
translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
Neomorphic mutation - CORRECT ANSWERA type of mutation in which the altered
gene product possesses a novel molecular function or a novel pattern of gene
expression. Usually dominant or semidominant.
, Ectopic Expression - CORRECT ANSWERexpression of a gene in an abnormal place in
an organism.
FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) - CORRECT ANSWERtechnique developed by
biomedical researchers in the early 1980s[1] that is used to detect and localize the
presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. Uses fluorescent
probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with which they show a high
degree of sequence complementarity.
Fluctuation Test - CORRECT ANSWERThe Luria-Delbruck experiment to determine the
origin of bacterial resistance. Fluctuations in the numbers of resistant colonies growing
in different petri plates showed that resistance is not caused by exposure to
bactericides. Hypothesis 1: if resistance arises only after exposure to a bactericide, all
bacteria cultures of equal size should produce roughly the same number of resistant
colonies. Hypothesis2: If random mutations conferring resistance arise before exposure
to bactericide; the number of resistant colonies in different cultures should vary widely.
Fragile X Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERAssociated with the expansion of the CGG
trinucleotide repeat affecting the Fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene on the X
chromosome, resulting in a failure to express the fragile X mental retardation protein
(FMRP), which is required for normal neural development.
Alkaptonuria - CORRECT ANSWERrare inherited genetic disorder of phenylalanine and
tyrosine metabolism. This is an autosomal recessive condition that is due to a defect in
the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, which participates in the degradation of
tyrosine.
Nondisjunction - CORRECT ANSWERReason for Trisomy 21
Sickle Cell Anemia - CORRECT ANSWERAutosomal Recessive Disease with a
mutation in a gene on chromosome 11 that codes for the beta subunit of the
hemoglobin protein. As a result, hemoglobin molecules don't form properly, causing red
blood cells to be rigid and have a concave shape
cDNA - CORRECT ANSWERDNA library that cannot be in bacteria, carries mainly
eons, promoter is not included
Contig - CORRECT ANSWERSets of 2 or more partially overlapping cloned DNA
fragments that together cover an uninterrupted stretch of a genome
Conjugation - CORRECT ANSWERDonor DNA is transferred directly to recipient
through connecting tube. Contact and transfer are promoted by a specialized plasmid in
the donor cell
WITH QUESTIONS AND A+ GRADED CORRECT
ANSWERS
Recombinant frequency - CORRECT ANSWER# recombinant/ # offspring * 100
Coefficient of Coincidence - CORRECT ANSWERMeasures whether there was
interference in recombination
Griffith's Experiment - CORRECT ANSWERProved the "transforming principle" using
rough and smooth strain of pneumonia. Concluded that the type II-R had been
"transformed" into the lethal III-S strain by a "transforming principle"
Oswald Avery Experiment - CORRECT ANSWERShowed that DNA was the
"transforming principle." When isolated from one strain of bacteria. used heat to kill
virulent bacteria. Extracted RNA (ribonucleic acid), DNA, carbohydrates, lipids, and
proteins from these dead cells, all of which were considered to be possible candidates
for the carriers of genetic information. Next, he added each type of molecule to a culture
of live non-virulent bacteria to determine which was responsible for changing them into
virulent bacteria as Griffith had observed. Only the non-virulent cells which were given
DNA from the dead virulent strain became virulent,
Yanofsky's experiment - CORRECT ANSWEREstablished that gene sequences and
protein sequences are colinear in bacteria.showed that changes in DNA sequence can
produce changes in protein sequence at corresponding positions. His work revealed
how controlled alterations in RNA structure allow RNA to serve as a regulatory molecule
in both bacterial and animal cells.
Crick & Brenner Experiment - CORRECT ANSWERExperiment consisted of deleting
bases, one by one, in the DNA and showing that only after three bases had been
eliminated in close proximity did the DNA-transcribing system come back into correct
phase.Proved that the genetic code was a triplet code and that the triplets were not
separted by "punctuation."
Difference Between Prokaryote and Eukaryote - CORRECT ANSWERIn a prokaryotic
cell, transcription and translation are coupled; that is, translation begins while the mRNA
is still being synthesized. In a eukaryotic cell, transcription occurs in the nucleus, and
translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
Neomorphic mutation - CORRECT ANSWERA type of mutation in which the altered
gene product possesses a novel molecular function or a novel pattern of gene
expression. Usually dominant or semidominant.
, Ectopic Expression - CORRECT ANSWERexpression of a gene in an abnormal place in
an organism.
FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) - CORRECT ANSWERtechnique developed by
biomedical researchers in the early 1980s[1] that is used to detect and localize the
presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. Uses fluorescent
probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with which they show a high
degree of sequence complementarity.
Fluctuation Test - CORRECT ANSWERThe Luria-Delbruck experiment to determine the
origin of bacterial resistance. Fluctuations in the numbers of resistant colonies growing
in different petri plates showed that resistance is not caused by exposure to
bactericides. Hypothesis 1: if resistance arises only after exposure to a bactericide, all
bacteria cultures of equal size should produce roughly the same number of resistant
colonies. Hypothesis2: If random mutations conferring resistance arise before exposure
to bactericide; the number of resistant colonies in different cultures should vary widely.
Fragile X Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERAssociated with the expansion of the CGG
trinucleotide repeat affecting the Fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene on the X
chromosome, resulting in a failure to express the fragile X mental retardation protein
(FMRP), which is required for normal neural development.
Alkaptonuria - CORRECT ANSWERrare inherited genetic disorder of phenylalanine and
tyrosine metabolism. This is an autosomal recessive condition that is due to a defect in
the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, which participates in the degradation of
tyrosine.
Nondisjunction - CORRECT ANSWERReason for Trisomy 21
Sickle Cell Anemia - CORRECT ANSWERAutosomal Recessive Disease with a
mutation in a gene on chromosome 11 that codes for the beta subunit of the
hemoglobin protein. As a result, hemoglobin molecules don't form properly, causing red
blood cells to be rigid and have a concave shape
cDNA - CORRECT ANSWERDNA library that cannot be in bacteria, carries mainly
eons, promoter is not included
Contig - CORRECT ANSWERSets of 2 or more partially overlapping cloned DNA
fragments that together cover an uninterrupted stretch of a genome
Conjugation - CORRECT ANSWERDonor DNA is transferred directly to recipient
through connecting tube. Contact and transfer are promoted by a specialized plasmid in
the donor cell
