NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions

NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions Asthma - Answer-Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles What are 5 s/s of asthma - Answer-coughing wheezing shortness of breath rapid breathing chest tightness Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - Answer--airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm -excess mucus production and accumulation -hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle -airflow obstruction -decreased alveolar ventilation Bronchioles - Answer-smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024 Page 2/25 3 layers of the bronchioles - Answer-innermost layer middle layer - lamina propria outermost layer lamina propria - Answer-the middle layer of the bronchioles structure of the lamina propria - Answer-embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells purpose of the lamina propria - Answer-white blood cells are present to help protect the airways How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - Answer-the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Answer-columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Answer-smooth muscle cells what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - Answer-control the airways ability to constrict and dilate alveolar hyperinflation - Answer-When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside how does hyperinflation occur? - Answer-the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - Answer--expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2) EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024 Page 3/25 - respiratory acidosis What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - Answer-tiotropium and ipratropium What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - Answer-These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system - increasing bronchodilation MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - Answer-the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow - blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial constriction bronchitis - Answer-inflammation of the bronchial tubes 3 characteristics of bronchitis - Answer-bronchial inflammation hypersecretion of mucus chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years Perfusion - Answer-The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries. results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - Answer-cyanosis right to left shunting EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024 Page 4/25 chronic hypoxemia Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - Answer-there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange Right to left shunting - Answer-when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion Causes of bronchitis - Answer--long term exposure to environmental irritants -repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy) -Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth) Pathogenesis of bronchitis - Answer--Exposure to airborne irritan