Practice Solution Manual for Chemical Thermodynamics Chapter 19 100% Pass

Practice Solution Manual for Chemical Thermodynamics Chapter 19 100% Pass chemical thermodynamics - Answers is the area of chemistry that deals with energy relationships enthalpy change for a system is - Answers the heat transferred between the system and its surrounding during a constant-pressure process 1st law of thermodynamics - Answers energy is conserved (is not created nor destroyed in any process ) ∆E = q +w (q= heat absorbed or released and w= work done on the system) q0 means - Answers system is absorbing heat q0 - Answers system is releasing heat w0 - Answers surroundings are doing work on the system spontaneous process - Answers is one that proceeds on its own without any outside intervention it does not mean that reaction will occur at an observable rate processes that are spontaneous in one direction are.... - Answers nonspontaneous in the opposite direction thermodynamics tell us the ... and.... of a reaction but nothing about the ...... - Answers direction and extent , but not speed state functions - Answers define a state and do not depend on how we reach that state (temp, internal energy, and enthalpy ) reversible process - Answers a specific way in which a system changes its state . The change occurs in such a way that the system and surroundings can be restored to their original states by EXACTLY reversing the change. In other words we can restore the system to its original condition with no net change to either the system or its surroundings. irreversible process - Answers is one that cannot simply be reversed to restore the system and its surroundings to their original states Carnot concluded that a reversible change produces the ..... - Answers maximum amount of work that can be done by a system on its surroundings. isothermal process - Answers it the expansion of an ideal gas at constant temp. When a system is at equilibrium, __________. - Answers the process is not spontaneous in either direction A reversible process is one that __________. - Answers can be reversed with no net change in either system or surroundings The second law of thermodynamics states that __________ - Answers or any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases entropy (S) - Answers is associated wither with the extent of randomness in a a system or with the extent to which energy is distributed among the various motions of the molecules of the system. change in entropy in a system depends on - Answers only the initial and final states of the system ∆S=S(final) - S(initial) in an isothermal process ∆S is - Answers equal to the heat that would be transferred if the process were reversible, q(rev) divided by the absolute temp at which the process occurs ∆S= Q(rev) / T (temp) (constant) the melting of a substance at its melting point and the vaporization of a substance at its boiling pint are - Answers isothermal processes entropy - Answers is not conserved -for any spontaneous process , the total change in entropy, which is the sum of the entropy change of the system plus the entropy change of the surroundings, is greater than zero -it is the measure of randomness of a system The entropy of the universe is __________. - Answers continually increasing The quantity of energy gained by a system equals the quantity of energy gained by its surroundings - Answers false reversible process relating to ∆S universe - Answers ∆S (universe) = 0 irreversible process - Answers ∆S (universe) 0 second law of thermodynamics - Answers states that any irreversible process results in an increase in total entropy, whereas and reversible process results in no overall change in entropy because spontaneous processes are irreversible we can say that the entropy of the universe ...... in any spontaneous process - Answers increases microstate - Answers is a single possible arrangement of the positions and kinetic energies of the gas molecules when the gas ins in a specific thermodynamic state. Each thermodynamic state has a characteristic number of microstates associated with it represented by the letter W entropy is a measure of - Answers how many microstates are associated with a particular macroscopic state Boltzmann constant - Answers 1.38 x 10 ⁻²³ entropy increases with - Answers the number of microstates in the system Which one of the following processes produces a decrease in the entropy of the system? - Answers freezing water to form ice greater volume means an ... in entropy - Answers increase ( more possible snapshots ) increasing temp will also increase entropy Consider a pure crystalline solid that is heated from absolute zero to a temperature above the boiling point of the liquid. Which of the following processes produces the greatest increase in the entropy of the substance? heating the gas *heating the solid *vaporizing the liquid *heating the liquid *melting the solid - Answers vaporizing the liquid translational motion - Answers when the entire molecule moves in one direction ( like a thrown baseball) -the molecule in in a gas have more freedom of translational motion than those of in a liquid which have more freedom of transitional motion than the molecule of a solid) vibrational motion - Answers the atoms in the molecule move periodically toward and way from one another rotational motion - Answers the molecule spins about an axis The different forms of motion are ways in which a molecule can store energy refereed to to as ..... of the molecule - Answers motional energy In general the number of microstates possible for a system increases with - Answers ase in volume