BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 14TH EDITION
KATZUNG TREVOR TEST BANK COMPLETE TEST BANK ALL 64
CHAPTERS QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
Mechanism of Action - The way a drug exerts its effect
Mechanism of Action related to Drug Effect - Narcotic analgesic produces analgesia by
STIMULATING the cells that reduce pain transmission
-Drug stimulates cell which is mechanism
-Reduced pain is the effect
Receptor - The specific site at which an individual drug molecule acts to produce a
pharmacological effect.
How do drugs interact with receptors? - The drug reacts with a receptor that triggers or
blocks a biological activity.
Receptors (Agonist) - They "turn on" or trigger a response or biological activity
Receptors (Antagonist) - They "turn off" or block a response, or biological from the drug
Pharmacokinetics - Describes how the body effects a drug including how the drug is
ABSORBED into the bloodstream, DISTRIBUTED to tissues and fluids,
METABOLIZED, and EXCRETED from the body.
4 Processes that comprise pharmacokinetic handling of a drug by the body -
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion
-All 4 processes occur simultaneously
Clinical Pharmacology ? - The study of the effects of drugs in humans.
A drug substance is used to... - TREAT disease, RELIEVE symptoms of disease, or
CURE the disease
3 Principal components of Clinical Pharmacology? - Pharmacodynamics,
Pharmacokinetics, Drug Delivery System
PHARMACODYNAMICS - The study of the effects of drugs on the body and their
mechanisms of action.
Therapeutic Effect - An INTENDED effect of the drug
-an effect to treat or or prevent a disease, or relieve its symptoms
, Clinical Effect - The effect of a drug on a patient
AKA: Drug Effect
Non-Therapeutic Effects - Effects which may or may not be related to a drugs
therapeutic effects
-Adverse Effects / Side Effects
Absorption - The transfer of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream.
-Rate of absorption plays an important role in determining the amount of drug in the
blood, or its effectiveness
Oral Drug (Absorption) - -Is not as simple as other methods
-Must overcome numerous barriers before it can absorbed into the blood
-FIRST, must withstand acidity of stomach
-SECOND, Resist destruction by bacteria and enzymes within the small intestine and
survive metabolism as it is absorbed through the gut lining
-LAST, drugs must pass through portal circulation before reaching the systemic
circulation
Portal Circulation - Carries blood and its contents to the liver as a part of the body's
filtering mechanism.
First-Pass Effect / First-Pass Metabolism - -Enzymes in the liver metabolize a portion of
the drug dose before it ever reaches the systemic circulation
-Can substantially limit the extent of absorption of many oral drugs by reducing the
amount of unchanged drug that enters the systemic circulation.
-It reduces the amount of unchanged drug that enters the systemic circulation.
Other factors of Oral Drug Absorption Pt.1 - Amount of drug administrated at one time
(dose)
-Larger doses are absorbed faster
Drug Formulations
-Can be manipulated to enhance, delay, or sustain absorption EX:Time release
,Extended release
Acidity or alkalinity of the stomach and intestine
-Acidic drugs are absorbed better from the acidic environment of the stomach
-Alkaline drugs are better absorbed in the neutral environment of the intestine
Other factors of Oral Drug Absorption Pt.2 - Rate of gastric emptying
-How quickly or slowly stomach contents move through the GI.
-If process is delayed by certain foods or drugs, the absorption will also be delayed.
Presence of food in the stomach
KATZUNG TREVOR TEST BANK COMPLETE TEST BANK ALL 64
CHAPTERS QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
Mechanism of Action - The way a drug exerts its effect
Mechanism of Action related to Drug Effect - Narcotic analgesic produces analgesia by
STIMULATING the cells that reduce pain transmission
-Drug stimulates cell which is mechanism
-Reduced pain is the effect
Receptor - The specific site at which an individual drug molecule acts to produce a
pharmacological effect.
How do drugs interact with receptors? - The drug reacts with a receptor that triggers or
blocks a biological activity.
Receptors (Agonist) - They "turn on" or trigger a response or biological activity
Receptors (Antagonist) - They "turn off" or block a response, or biological from the drug
Pharmacokinetics - Describes how the body effects a drug including how the drug is
ABSORBED into the bloodstream, DISTRIBUTED to tissues and fluids,
METABOLIZED, and EXCRETED from the body.
4 Processes that comprise pharmacokinetic handling of a drug by the body -
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion
-All 4 processes occur simultaneously
Clinical Pharmacology ? - The study of the effects of drugs in humans.
A drug substance is used to... - TREAT disease, RELIEVE symptoms of disease, or
CURE the disease
3 Principal components of Clinical Pharmacology? - Pharmacodynamics,
Pharmacokinetics, Drug Delivery System
PHARMACODYNAMICS - The study of the effects of drugs on the body and their
mechanisms of action.
Therapeutic Effect - An INTENDED effect of the drug
-an effect to treat or or prevent a disease, or relieve its symptoms
, Clinical Effect - The effect of a drug on a patient
AKA: Drug Effect
Non-Therapeutic Effects - Effects which may or may not be related to a drugs
therapeutic effects
-Adverse Effects / Side Effects
Absorption - The transfer of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream.
-Rate of absorption plays an important role in determining the amount of drug in the
blood, or its effectiveness
Oral Drug (Absorption) - -Is not as simple as other methods
-Must overcome numerous barriers before it can absorbed into the blood
-FIRST, must withstand acidity of stomach
-SECOND, Resist destruction by bacteria and enzymes within the small intestine and
survive metabolism as it is absorbed through the gut lining
-LAST, drugs must pass through portal circulation before reaching the systemic
circulation
Portal Circulation - Carries blood and its contents to the liver as a part of the body's
filtering mechanism.
First-Pass Effect / First-Pass Metabolism - -Enzymes in the liver metabolize a portion of
the drug dose before it ever reaches the systemic circulation
-Can substantially limit the extent of absorption of many oral drugs by reducing the
amount of unchanged drug that enters the systemic circulation.
-It reduces the amount of unchanged drug that enters the systemic circulation.
Other factors of Oral Drug Absorption Pt.1 - Amount of drug administrated at one time
(dose)
-Larger doses are absorbed faster
Drug Formulations
-Can be manipulated to enhance, delay, or sustain absorption EX:Time release
,Extended release
Acidity or alkalinity of the stomach and intestine
-Acidic drugs are absorbed better from the acidic environment of the stomach
-Alkaline drugs are better absorbed in the neutral environment of the intestine
Other factors of Oral Drug Absorption Pt.2 - Rate of gastric emptying
-How quickly or slowly stomach contents move through the GI.
-If process is delayed by certain foods or drugs, the absorption will also be delayed.
Presence of food in the stomach
