TEST BANK For Management Information Systems, 10th Edition by Hossein Bidgoli, Chapters 1 - 14

234256789    4
3


5
 !"#







,




23

45
689
 8 6 










!"

#$%





&""'(

)*#





''+
(

,-

'./
+'.0%('.#1+2'




3-
(+4

(


5*!(6*
'7
+&8%

#&

9&!
(
#:'#
;0<!
(

=>'?'



@
'#+((


'



0
"





 ""+*
(

#-(





)&('
''+
(
#&
,0
++$
#
.$
(%'+

.#&""'(





,

2356789 86 663
3
9 





!
"#"#$

"%&%'"#()!('
&&#*
(!
%"#(&
%

%+"(,%"
-.

+,%
#$(/$
,
"
#&
#'
%&#*/0

1+#
-

%2+


34%/&


56789:;< =>?@A
:5BCD65E9;< F(
'"

F(,!+"
&
%

,(&"
3

G#'#%/
#
"%&%'"#()
!('
&&#*
(!
%"#(&
2

&

(!
%"#(&
%



!
"#"#$
.
&+'

%&
!#"#*
+,
(+&
'

'H&.
(
#$(/$


(,(+&
$(/+,
&
(G
-%"%.
&+'

%&

#$
"(0
'("(/
#
%
,+/"#%"#(%/
"
I"#/

'(,!%0




"

&

&0&"
,&
%

%+"(,%"
-.


+,%
#$(/$
,
"
#&
,##,%/
J


)KL2


M
*##*L
2%&%'"#()N('
&&#*
J0&"
,&

ODC6B7;
P
QCRRCSTEBU;< V>@W
:9R9:96S97;< XAYZ[A\]>[@>^\Z_[`a]_^A@@Z[b@W@\Ac@
dT97BCD6<BUO9;< e]fAg=>?@A
h57<i5:C5jE97;< =>?@A
E95:6C6k<Djl9SBCi97;<mnopPqApPpr
BDOCS7;< n[Y_]c>\Z_[@W@\Ac@
n[Y_]c>\Z_[@W@\Ac@Zca_]\>[^A
s9U8D:Q7;< tAcAcuA]
Q5B9<S:95B9Q;< PqgvvgvqPwPxvyzm
Q5B9<{DQCRC9Q;< PPgvqgvqPw|xP|zm

}~G(,%"#(
&0&"
,&
%

3(%-

#
&'(!

"
%
#G(,%"#(
"
'
(/(*#
&

%2+


34%/&


56789:;< e]fA
:5BCD65E9;< F(
'"

~G(,%"#(
&0&"
,&
%

3(%-

#
&'(!

"
%
#G(,%"#(
"
'
(/(*#
&.
3+"
"


"(

($
/%!
#
,%0
%
%&
M("

%

+&
-
"(


/!
(*%#€%"#(&
3

,(

'(,!
"#"#$

%-
"(

#,!($

"

#
($
%//

GG#'#
'0
%-

GG
'"#$

&&
J


)L
F(,!+"
&
%-
~G(,%"#(

J0&"
,&
#
%#/0
‚#G


ODC6B7;
P
QCRRCSTEBU;< m_ƒA]>\A
:9R9:96S97;< XZ@^f@@^_cc_[>aa?Z^>\Z_[@_Y^_caf\A]@>[ƒZ[Y_]c>\Z_[@W@\Ac@p
dT97BCD6<BUO9;< e]fAg=>?@A
h57<i5:C5jE97;< =>?@A
E95:6C6k<Djl9SBCi97;<mnopPqApPpP
BDOCS7;< n[Y_]c>\Z_[@W@\Ac@
n[Y_]c>\Z_[@W@\Ac@Zca_]\>[^A
s9U8D:Q7;< „[ƒA]@\>[ƒ
Q5B9<S:95B9Q;< PqgvvgvqPwPxvyzm



,

23457829952  








!"
!
#$#


%&'(
))*+
!,
)"!+
##
#
"

-#-**$


.!/#
!"
)
"!"



#0

1"-









,

2356789

 
   

9




6
!"
6##7$
6
$%
#

98898
6
9
&8&677'
(9
)*8
+

#9
+
($,
6

68-3
"99
./01

!66,9(9

+
(6
$
"'8
9(8

2 
3
455678 9:;<=
5 6  >?@AB<A<CBA=@A?:B<=@:ADED=BDF
G7  82 HI<JD
K L M  I<JD
  NMO6L 9PQF3RF3FS
26  9<A<CBA=@A?:B<=@:ADED=BD
T8 4  UBBV
4 6 4 3RHWWHWR3X3YWZ[9
4 \454 3RHWWHWR3X3YWZ[9

03
*98$,$,
6
(66,9(9

$+
(6
$
8'8
9(
]!"^%

)9
+$
8


68-
$8



779


*6
6
6*
667'_9
$
3

63`
&9

2356789

 I<JD
   

9




*98$,$,
6
!"%

)9
+$
8


68-
$8



796
7'
*9+$9

)9
abacdefa
2g9

$h983
"99
./01

!66,9(9

+
(6
$
"'8
9(8

2 
3
455678 9:;<=
5 6  >?@AB<A<CBA=@A?:B<=@:ADED=BDF
G7  82 HI<JD
K L M  I<JD
  NMO6L 9PQF3RF3FS
26  9<A<CBA=@A?:B<=@:ADED=BD
T8 4  UBBV
4 6 4 3RHWWHWR3X3YWZ[9
4 \454 3RHWWHWR3X3YWZ[9

i3j
$+
(6
$
8'8
9(
8)&7*

779


*6
6
+
(
2
)
9k
9
67
6*
$
9
67
8&

98%
67
)&,)

,6$_6
$67
2g9

$h98

6*

)9

'#9
+
6##7$
6
$
678
*9
9
($9
l)6

8&

98


&893

63`
&9

2356789

 
   

9



`)9
$+
(6
$

)6

&89
8
99*
6++9

8

)9

'#9
+
*6
6

)6

$8

779

9*
6*
&89*3
j

$+
(6
$
8'8
9(
8)&7*

779


*6
6
+
(
2
)
9k
9
67
6*
$
9
67
8&

98%
67
)&,)


,6$_6
$67
2g9

$h98
6*

)9

'#9
+
6##7$
6
$
678
*9
9
($9
l)6

8&

98


&893

"99
./i1
!6g

(#9
8
+
6
+
(6
$
"'8
9(

2 
3



,

2344356789 
45 


 ! " ##
##
 #$ %
&683'89( )*+,
-./.3.07 +,
7.31'02583/ 34%56%5%5
8'(35 3#
 #$  " ##
798'2 9##
2.85.82 56*::*:65;5<:=> 
2.8?'23432 56*::*:65;5<:=> 

@ABCDEFGHIDJ
KFGLHEMEFIDJ
NOP
DCLLQMHID
NIH
HRNGLQHD
FS
MOEHIONQ
PNEN
DFCIKHD
FS
NO
MOSFIGNEMFO
DTDEHGA

NAUICH

VAWNQDH

.8 +,
.83'.7 BFIIHKE

BCDEFGHIDJ
KFGLHEMEFIDJ
NOP
DCLLQMHID
NIH
HRNGLQHD
FS
HREHIONQ
PNEN
DFCIKHD
FS
NO

MOSFIGNEMFO
DTDEHGA
XHH
YZ[\
]N^FI
BFGLFOHOED
FS
NO
_OSFIGNEMFO
XTDEHG

('38
5
2344356789 `$
45 


#
a###
 #%
&683'89( )*+,
-./.3.07 +,
7.31'02583/ 34%56%5%5
8'(35 3#
 #$  " ##
798'2 9##
2.85.82 56*::*:65;5<:=> 
2.8?'23432 56*::*:65;5<:=> 

bA_O
N
GNONcHGHOE
MOSFIGNEMFO
DTDEHG
d]_XeJ
EfH
gCNQMET
FS
MOSFIGNEMFO
MD
PHEHIGMOHP
VT
MED
CDHSCQOHDD
EF
CDHIDJ
NOP
MED

CDHSCQOHDD
PHEHIGMOHD
EfH
DCKKHDD
FS
NO
MOSFIGNEMFO
DTDEHGA

NAUICH

VAWNQDH

.8 )
.83'.7 BFIIHKE

_O
NO
]_XJ
EfH
gCNQMET
FS
MOSFIGNEMFO
MD
PHEHIGMOHP
VT
MED
CDHSCQOHDD
EF
CDHIDJ
NOP
MED

CDHSCQOHDD
PHEHIGMOHD
EfH
DCKKHDD
FS
NO
MOSFIGNEMFO
DTDEHGA
XHH
YZ[\
]N^FI
BFGLFOHOED

FS
NO
_OSFIGNEMFO
XTDEHG

('38
5
2344356789 
45 



#
a###
 #%
&683'89( )*+,
-./.3.07 +,
7.31'02583/ 34%56%5%5
8'(35 3#
 #$  " ##
798'2 9##



,

234578534529 
23452529  






!"#$
%&"
'()*%
&
( !*


)
#
*

%&*+')*
,%*-

*-'
.)*)
)&.
%&"
'()*%
&

)
'


/)#!

3012589 3456
83403759 8
''9*






!"#$
%&"
'()*%
&
( !*


)
#
*

%&*+')*
,%*-

*-'
.)*)
)&.
%&"
'()*%
&
:
;<

=>
?)@
'
8
(A
&&*!

"
)&
B&"
'()*%
&
:C!*(

D0419

27E74F9 GH64IJ6
8558507519 K6LM4NO6JP6HNQQ646RM6LO6JS66RHIJIIRHNRQG4TIJNGRU
VE51404FD59 3456WIXL6
Y31Z383[7519 WIXL6
753800\[]574Z519^_U 6UU
4D719 ^RQG4TIJNGRL`LJ6TMGTaGR6RJL
b5F28219 cRH64LJIRH
234578534529 
23452529 

de-&
!
#f%&+
A'

#(!$
*-
!'!

"
)&
%&"
'()*%
&
!C!*(
( !*
)f
%.
!%&+
%&"
'()#
%&"
'()*%
&

)
'


/)#!

3012589 WIXL6
83403759 8
''9*

B&
)..%*%
&
*

*-
"
'()#
%&"
'()*%
&
*-)*
)&
%&"
'()*%
&
!C!*(
+&')*!$
!'!
&.
*




)
#
*

()g
!

"
%&"
'()#
%&"
'()*%
&<!9-
)!
'(
'!$
&9
&"%'(.
'A
'*!$
)&.
!*
'%!<

,-&
!
#f%&+
A'

#(!
:
;<=>
?)@
'
8
(A
&&*!

"
)&
B&"
'()*%
&
:C!*(

D0419

27E74F9 GH64IJ6
8558507519 K6LM4NO6JP6HNQQ646RM6LO6JS66RHIJIIRHNRQG4TIJNGRU
VE51404FD59 3456WIXL6
Y31Z383[7519 WIXL6
753800\[]574Z519^_U 6UU
4D719 ^RQG4TIJNGRL`LJ6TMGTaGR6RJL
b5F28219 cRH64LJIRH
234578534529 
23452529 

;h
-
()%&
.%""'&9

*,&
)&
%&*')&*
)&.
*-
B&*'&*
%!
*-)*
%&*')&*!
)'
A
#%9
)&.
*-
B&*'&*
%!
A'%f)*

)
'


/)#!

3012589 WIXL6
83403759 8
''9*




,

234
5678
974484
4448
68
78684
689
34
8484
7
36
78684
64
764
689

34
8484
7
7
44


78

8
567
8
45
689
8
567
8
2438


74

!"#$%&
'(
)"**"+,-$.&/ 01234563(
78*878#+8%&/ 9:;<5=>(6?3(=@;1465>A3(5>2(5;;<=A56=1>B(1C(=>C14@56=1>(BDB63@B(=>(CE>A6=1>5<(5435B(
1C(5(FEB=>3BBG(
H,8%$"!#/$. 8&/ I4E3(J(K5<B3(
LM%/NM7"MO-8%&/ K5<B3(
-8M7#"#P/!OQ8+$"N8%&/0RSG'T3G'GU(
$! "+%&/ R>C14@56=1>(BDB63@B(
R>C14@56=1>(63A?>1<1V=3B(
W8.X!7)%&/ Y>234B65>2(
)M$8/+78M$8)&/ 'TJZZJZT'[('\Z](^0(
)M$8/_!)"*"8)&/ 'TJZZJZT'[('\Z](^0(
(
(`


77
78
567
8
45


9477
8
4649



7978

4

689
677

8
45
44

945

637

6(24

(a64

M#%X87&/ K5<B3(
7M$"!#M-8&/ b
4

`
4
884
78
567
8
45


9477
8
4649



7978

4

689

677

8
45
44
945

637
44


78

8
567
8
45
689
8
567
8

2438


74

!"#$%&
'(
)"**"+,-$.&/ 95BD(
78*878#+8%&/ 9:;<5=>(6?3(=@;1465>A3(5>2(5;;<=A56=1>B(1C(=>C14@56=1>(BDB63@B(=>(CE>A6=1>5<(5435B(
1C(5(FEB=>3BBG(
H,8%$"!#/$. 8&/ I4E3(J(K5<B3(
LM%/NM7"MO-8%&/ K5<B3(
-8M7#"#P/!OQ8+$"N8%&/0RSG'T3G'GU(
$! "+%&/ R>C14@56=1>(BDB63@B(
R>C14@56=1>(63A?>1<1V=3B(
W8.X!7)%&/ Y>234B65>2(
)M$8/+78M$8)&/ 'TJZZJZT'[('\Z](^0(
)M$8/_!)"*"8)&/ 'TJZZJZT'[('\Z](^0(
(
c(`8
4 474
786876
78
567
8
45
3
9

794
754d
6 64d
689
784
649
78
567
8
6

34

56e478

57fd


gh
74d

5
7
8d
64d
689

9

6(24

(a64

M#%X87&/ K5<B3(
7M$"!#M-8&/ b
4

`8
4 474
56e478

78
567
8
45
3
9

794
754d
6 64d
689
784
649

78
567
8
6

34
56e478

57fgh
74d

5
7
8d
64d
689

9
44



78

8
567
8
45
689
8
567
8
2438


74




,

2345678
9
4 468 
 5 78 


!"
 # 


# $%%" $&$"$%' # 
$
%('$$$)
*76435628 +',-
$
./70/4/178 -
$
/5452313 6407845)96)9)7
632478 4%" $&$"$
4%" #! 
8$
9:3 78 ; $ 
/6/6 8 96,<<,<69=9><?@
/6A3 44 8 99,9=,<69=B>C6@
DEFGHI
JHKILJ
MN
OIP
IOJKLOJQ
ROJM
JHI
SLKTIJUVLWI
RQ
HRXH
PHIO
YZUVRWLJROX
L
[\]^_`abc
UKMYZWJ
MK
QIKdRWI
RQ
YRNNRWZVJF

LFGKZI

eFfLVQI

/57:8 -
$
/6435/8 gMKKIWJ

GHI
JHKILJ
MN
OIP
IOJKLOJQ
ROJM
JHI
SLKTIJUVLWI
RQ
VMP
PHIO
YZUVRWLJROX
L
[\]^_`abch
UKMYZWJ
MK
QIKdRWI
RQ
YRNNRWZVJF
iII
Djkl
mQROX
nONMKSLJRMO
ioQJISQ
LOY
nONMKSLJRMO

GIWHOMVMXRIQ

2345678
9
4 468 
 5 78 p


&!-q-#$
 $8$%88#"
qq 8)
*76435628 +',-
$
./70/4/178 -
$
/5452313 6407845)96)9)=
632478 -q-#$

9:3 78 p


&
/6/6 8 96,<<,<69=9><?@
/6A3 44 8 96,<<,<69=9><?@
DrFsRdLVKo
LSMOX
ItRQJROX
WMSUIJRJMKQ
RQ
HRXH
PHIO
SLOo
WMSUIJRJMKQ
MWWZUo
JHI
QLSI
SLKTIJUVLWI
UMQRJRMOF

LFGKZI

eFfLVQI

/57:8 +'
/6435/8 gMKKIWJ

sRdLVKo
LSMOX
ItRQJROX
WMSUIJRJMKQ
RQ
HRXH
PHIO
SLOo
WMSUIJRJMKQ
MWWZUo
JHI
QLSI

SLKTIJUVLWI
UMQRJRMOu
RJ
RQ
VMP
PHIO
JHIKI
LKI
NIP
WMSUIJRJMKQF
iII
Djkl
mQROX
nONMKSLJRMO

ioQJISQ
LOY
nONMKSLJRMO
GIWHOMVMXRIQ

2345678
9
4 468 
 5 78 p


&!-q-#$
 $8$%88#"
qq 8)
*76435628 +',-
$
./70/4/178 -
$



,

23456768 3 73
 7



!"#$
%3&' 5( )**$+
(43 5343( ,--,-.-/0
(431 (7273( ,--,-.-/0

34567
89:
;<78:=8
<>
?7><@AB8?<7
CDC8:AC
E<FCG
B
HB8BFBC:
BHA?7?C8@B8<@
?C
@:CI<7C?FJ:
><@
H:K:J<I?7L
B7
:78?@:

?7><@AB8?<7
CDC8:A
FD
M@?8?7L
;<AIN8:@
I@<L@BAC5

B5O@N:

F5PBJC:

46'35
Q$"
5476423 R<@@:;8

S
;<AIN8:@
I@<L@BAA:@
M@?8:C
;<AIN8:@
I@<L@BAC
<@
C<>8MB@:
C:LA:78C
89B8
BJJ<M
B7

?7><@AB8?<7
CDC8:A
8<
I:@><@A
B
CI:;?>?;
8BCT5
S
HB8BFBC:
BHA?7?C8@B8<@
?C
@:CI<7C?FJ:
><@

HB8BFBC:
H:C?L7
B7H
?AIJ:A:78B8?<75
U::
3VWX
O9:
6O
Y<F
ZB@T:8

 76

(7227[2& \Q"+
5323536 3 ]

^_`abcdQe_
f[376&3 ag,
Q$"
h44574 23
Q$"
23456768 3 73
 7 ijdQ_
i_!`i$k+!Q"
%3&' 5( li#"_Qi#
(43 5343( ,--,-.-/0
(431 (7273( ,--,-.-/0

3m5UAB@8I9<7:C
H<
7<8
?7;JNH:
n:FVF@<MC?7L
>:B8N@:C5

B5O@N:

F5PBJC:

46'35
Q$"
5476423 R<@@:;85

UAB@8I9<7:C
B@:
A<F?J:
I9<7:C
M?89
BHKB7;:H
;BIBF?J?8?:CG
AN;9
J?T:
B
A?7?VoR5
O9:D

?7;JNH:
:VAB?J
B7H
n:FVF@<MC?7L
>:B8N@:CG
B7H
A<C8
9BK:
B
FN?J8V?7
T:DF<B@H
<@
B7

:=8:@7BJ
pUq
T:DV
F<B@H5
U::
3V3X
R<AIN8:@C
B7H
67><@AB8?<7
UDC8:AC
?7
rB?JD
s?>:

 76

(7227[2& \Q"+
5323536 3 t
"!g""!ddiQ**$
!Q_
i"j!d*g_"Qi#
ijdQ_
i"+"_d"
f[376&3 ag,
Q$"
h44574 23
Q$"
23456768 3 73
%3&' 5( li#"_Qi#
(43 5343( ,-,-u.vw0
(431 (7273( ,-,-x.w0

3W5R<AIN8:@C
;B7
F:
NC:H
8<
L@BH:
:=BA
B7CM:@C
B7H
L:7:@B8:
H:8B?J:H
@:I<@8C
;<AIB@?7L
I:@><@AB7;:5