Pathophysiology Exam 1-UT Tyler
1. Define Idiopathic.: Cause of disease is unknown
2. Define Iatrogenic.: Due to complication, error, treatment, or procedure
3. Subclinical State: Pathological changes occur, no obvious manifestations
4. Prodromal Period: Signs are non-specific
5. Two Basic Cell Types: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
6. This cell is single-celled without nucleus or membrane organelles,
reproduce by binary fission, and bacteria are considered this cell type.:
Prokaryotes
7. This cell type is either single or multi-celled, can reproduce by meiosis or
mitosis, and have a cell nucleus within containing its DNA and outer
membrane.: Eukaryotes
8. What do Ribosomes do?: Make protein from encoded DNA instructions
9. What are Ribosomes made of?: RNA and proteins
10. This organelle is known as the production factory (makes proteins and
lipids). It is a system of membraneous channels and vesicles, and is an
internal delivery system of the cell.: Endoplasmic Reticulum
11. This organelle houses energy in the form of ATP.: Mitochondria
12. Nutrients are transformed into energy by the mitochondria through the
process of: Oxidative phosphorylation
13. Cells communicate information LOCALLY by: Paracrine and
neurotransmitters
14. Cells communicate information to DISTANT sites by: Hormones and
Neurohormones
15. Cells communicate information INTERNALLY by: Autocrines
16. Damage to cell membrane, reduced levels of ATP, changes in metabolic
processes, and changes in pH are all known as.: Cellular Adaptations
17. What two cellular changes are known to be normal alterations?:
Hypertrophy and Atrophy
18. What cellular change is known to be disease-related?: Ischemia or cellular
hypoxia
19. Ischemia or cellular hypoxia is a result of what factor?: Decreased oxygen
20. This is known as 'programmed cell death' and is associated with aging.:
Apoptosis
21. This condition is due to ischemia or reduced blood supply to the tissue
and is the most common cause of cell injury.: Hypoxia
22. This term is known as the death of a group of cells.: Necrosis
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, 23. This term refers to the are of dead cells due to lack of oxygen.: Infarction
24. Water and solutes move from area of high to low concentration (blood
to
interstitial fluid).: Diffusion
25 Water from low concentration to higher concentration (ISF to blood).:
Osmosis
26. Responses to low fluid volume are controlled by receptors in the
hypothalamus. These are also known as:: Osmoreceptors
27. When ADH is found in the body in abundance it is to result in:: Less water
loss and deceased urine output
28. When ADH is found in the body in low volumes it is to result in:: More water
loss and increased urine output
29. Aldosterone is a hormone that is known to indirectly control fluids by the
movement of sodium. More of this hormone causes:: Increased
reabsorption of
Na+
30. Aldosterone is a hormone that is known to indirectly control fluids by the
movement of sodium. Less of this hormone causes:: Decreased
reabsorption of Na+
31. This protein looks like a bunch of grapes and maintains intravascular
oncotic pressure.: Albumin
32. Increased ADH, the RAAS system is activated, peripheral
vasoconstriction, increased HR, water retention, and increased thirst.
These compensation mechanisms are activated when the body is in this
state:: Fluid Deficit
33. What is the normal serum level for sodium? (mEq/L): 135-145
34. This cation is known for its generation and conduction of nerve impulses.:
Na+
35. Low Sodium is also known as?: Hyponatremia
36. Too much intravascular water (dilution) and sodium losses (body losses
or diuretics + low salt intake) are two main causes of this condition.:
Hyponatremia
37. Decreased nerve conduction and cellular swelling in the brain are two
main effects of this condition.: Hyponatremia
38. Insufficient ADH, watery diarrhea, and rapid water loss are a couple of the
causes of this condition.: Hypernatremia
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1. Define Idiopathic.: Cause of disease is unknown
2. Define Iatrogenic.: Due to complication, error, treatment, or procedure
3. Subclinical State: Pathological changes occur, no obvious manifestations
4. Prodromal Period: Signs are non-specific
5. Two Basic Cell Types: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
6. This cell is single-celled without nucleus or membrane organelles,
reproduce by binary fission, and bacteria are considered this cell type.:
Prokaryotes
7. This cell type is either single or multi-celled, can reproduce by meiosis or
mitosis, and have a cell nucleus within containing its DNA and outer
membrane.: Eukaryotes
8. What do Ribosomes do?: Make protein from encoded DNA instructions
9. What are Ribosomes made of?: RNA and proteins
10. This organelle is known as the production factory (makes proteins and
lipids). It is a system of membraneous channels and vesicles, and is an
internal delivery system of the cell.: Endoplasmic Reticulum
11. This organelle houses energy in the form of ATP.: Mitochondria
12. Nutrients are transformed into energy by the mitochondria through the
process of: Oxidative phosphorylation
13. Cells communicate information LOCALLY by: Paracrine and
neurotransmitters
14. Cells communicate information to DISTANT sites by: Hormones and
Neurohormones
15. Cells communicate information INTERNALLY by: Autocrines
16. Damage to cell membrane, reduced levels of ATP, changes in metabolic
processes, and changes in pH are all known as.: Cellular Adaptations
17. What two cellular changes are known to be normal alterations?:
Hypertrophy and Atrophy
18. What cellular change is known to be disease-related?: Ischemia or cellular
hypoxia
19. Ischemia or cellular hypoxia is a result of what factor?: Decreased oxygen
20. This is known as 'programmed cell death' and is associated with aging.:
Apoptosis
21. This condition is due to ischemia or reduced blood supply to the tissue
and is the most common cause of cell injury.: Hypoxia
22. This term is known as the death of a group of cells.: Necrosis
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, 23. This term refers to the are of dead cells due to lack of oxygen.: Infarction
24. Water and solutes move from area of high to low concentration (blood
to
interstitial fluid).: Diffusion
25 Water from low concentration to higher concentration (ISF to blood).:
Osmosis
26. Responses to low fluid volume are controlled by receptors in the
hypothalamus. These are also known as:: Osmoreceptors
27. When ADH is found in the body in abundance it is to result in:: Less water
loss and deceased urine output
28. When ADH is found in the body in low volumes it is to result in:: More water
loss and increased urine output
29. Aldosterone is a hormone that is known to indirectly control fluids by the
movement of sodium. More of this hormone causes:: Increased
reabsorption of
Na+
30. Aldosterone is a hormone that is known to indirectly control fluids by the
movement of sodium. Less of this hormone causes:: Decreased
reabsorption of Na+
31. This protein looks like a bunch of grapes and maintains intravascular
oncotic pressure.: Albumin
32. Increased ADH, the RAAS system is activated, peripheral
vasoconstriction, increased HR, water retention, and increased thirst.
These compensation mechanisms are activated when the body is in this
state:: Fluid Deficit
33. What is the normal serum level for sodium? (mEq/L): 135-145
34. This cation is known for its generation and conduction of nerve impulses.:
Na+
35. Low Sodium is also known as?: Hyponatremia
36. Too much intravascular water (dilution) and sodium losses (body losses
or diuretics + low salt intake) are two main causes of this condition.:
Hyponatremia
37. Decreased nerve conduction and cellular swelling in the brain are two
main effects of this condition.: Hyponatremia
38. Insufficient ADH, watery diarrhea, and rapid water loss are a couple of the
causes of this condition.: Hypernatremia
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