Biology es
stands
fordeoxyribonucleicacid isthechemicalthatmakesupallgeneticmaterialinacell also
containscodedinformationwhichareinstructions
fororgansims tomakethemwork DNA isfoundinlongstructures
calledchromosomes Chromosomes
normallycomeinpairs
Titan
sayof containslayers
nucleus
arm ofDNA
Genes
Geneisasmallsection DNAEach codes
of
gene fortellsthecellstomake aparticlarsequenceofaminoacidswhich
form a specificprotien Only20aminoacidsare usedtomakeupthousandsofdifferentprotiensGenestellcellswh
Ordertoputtheaminoacidstogether DNAalsodetermineswhatprotiensthecellproduces determineswhattype cell
of
Genomes
Genomemeansthe
entiresetofgeneticmaterialin anorganismScientistshaveworkedoutthecompletehumangenome
hisisimportantbecause
identifygenesthatarelinkedtodiseases
allowsscientiststo
which linkedtoinheriteddiseasesthelptounderstandthembetter helptodeveloptreatments
nowing genes are
Canalsolookatgenomestotracemigration certainpopulations peoplearoundtheworldworkoutwhennewpopulat
of of
Splitoffastherearetinydifferencesingenomewhenpeoplemovedaway
Structure
of
tisapolymerandhasadoublehelixstructuretismadeupofnucleotides achnucleotidesconsistsofasugaraphosphate
andabase_baseEitherATCorG joinstoeachsugarteachbaselinkstoabaseontheoppositestrandinthehelixA
andCpairswithG complementarybasepairingThe
alwayspairswithT order basesinagenedecidesthe
of order amino
of
acidsinaprotie
achaminoacidiscoded
forbyasequenceofthreebases theaminoacidsarejoinedtomakevariousprotiensThereareparts
ofDNAthatdon'tcodeforprotiensThesecan switchgenesonofftocontrolifa geneisusedtomakea protien
, Trotiens
Phospate aremadeinthecellcytoplasmon ribosomes 0make
thecodeintheDNASothecellneedstog
protiensribosomesuse
nucleotide thecodefromtheDNAtotheRibosomes hisisdone
using
a moleculecalledMRNA whichismade code
bycopyingthe fro
INA hem isamessengerbetweentheDNAandthe
Ribosome hecorrectaminoacidsarethenbroughttothe
Ribosomesinthecorrectorder
bycarriermolecules
Trotein unctions
chemicalreactions in
nzymes actasbiologicalcatalyststospeedup body
ormones Usedto aroundthebody
carrymessages
Structural Proteins are
physicallystronge gcollagen strengthensconnectivetissues
u a ions
mutationis a randomchangein anorganism'sDNA can
beinherited
mutationschangethesequence
oftheDNAbasesin a genewhichproducesa geneticvariantthissometimes
protienthatit
eadstochangesinthe codes
forMostmutationsdonthaveaneffectontheprotienhow
somedohaveanaffectandmeansthemutationwillcode
foranalteredprotien changeitsshapewhich
Whichaffectits
abilitytofunction hiscouldmaketheprotienslosetheirstrength or iftheyareenzymeschang
itsactivesite
utations
ypes of
insertions iswhereanewbaseisinsertedintotheDNAbasesequencewhereitshouldn'tbeSinceeachbaseseque
foraspecificaminoacid Ininsertioncanchangetheaminoacidstheycodefor canchangemorethan 1
Codes
aminoacidastheyhaveaknockon effect ontheotherbases inthesequence
stands
fordeoxyribonucleicacid isthechemicalthatmakesupallgeneticmaterialinacell also
containscodedinformationwhichareinstructions
fororgansims tomakethemwork DNA isfoundinlongstructures
calledchromosomes Chromosomes
normallycomeinpairs
Titan
sayof containslayers
nucleus
arm ofDNA
Genes
Geneisasmallsection DNAEach codes
of
gene fortellsthecellstomake aparticlarsequenceofaminoacidswhich
form a specificprotien Only20aminoacidsare usedtomakeupthousandsofdifferentprotiensGenestellcellswh
Ordertoputtheaminoacidstogether DNAalsodetermineswhatprotiensthecellproduces determineswhattype cell
of
Genomes
Genomemeansthe
entiresetofgeneticmaterialin anorganismScientistshaveworkedoutthecompletehumangenome
hisisimportantbecause
identifygenesthatarelinkedtodiseases
allowsscientiststo
which linkedtoinheriteddiseasesthelptounderstandthembetter helptodeveloptreatments
nowing genes are
Canalsolookatgenomestotracemigration certainpopulations peoplearoundtheworldworkoutwhennewpopulat
of of
Splitoffastherearetinydifferencesingenomewhenpeoplemovedaway
Structure
of
tisapolymerandhasadoublehelixstructuretismadeupofnucleotides achnucleotidesconsistsofasugaraphosphate
andabase_baseEitherATCorG joinstoeachsugarteachbaselinkstoabaseontheoppositestrandinthehelixA
andCpairswithG complementarybasepairingThe
alwayspairswithT order basesinagenedecidesthe
of order amino
of
acidsinaprotie
achaminoacidiscoded
forbyasequenceofthreebases theaminoacidsarejoinedtomakevariousprotiensThereareparts
ofDNAthatdon'tcodeforprotiensThesecan switchgenesonofftocontrolifa geneisusedtomakea protien
, Trotiens
Phospate aremadeinthecellcytoplasmon ribosomes 0make
thecodeintheDNASothecellneedstog
protiensribosomesuse
nucleotide thecodefromtheDNAtotheRibosomes hisisdone
using
a moleculecalledMRNA whichismade code
bycopyingthe fro
INA hem isamessengerbetweentheDNAandthe
Ribosome hecorrectaminoacidsarethenbroughttothe
Ribosomesinthecorrectorder
bycarriermolecules
Trotein unctions
chemicalreactions in
nzymes actasbiologicalcatalyststospeedup body
ormones Usedto aroundthebody
carrymessages
Structural Proteins are
physicallystronge gcollagen strengthensconnectivetissues
u a ions
mutationis a randomchangein anorganism'sDNA can
beinherited
mutationschangethesequence
oftheDNAbasesin a genewhichproducesa geneticvariantthissometimes
protienthatit
eadstochangesinthe codes
forMostmutationsdonthaveaneffectontheprotienhow
somedohaveanaffectandmeansthemutationwillcode
foranalteredprotien changeitsshapewhich
Whichaffectits
abilitytofunction hiscouldmaketheprotienslosetheirstrength or iftheyareenzymeschang
itsactivesite
utations
ypes of
insertions iswhereanewbaseisinsertedintotheDNAbasesequencewhereitshouldn'tbeSinceeachbaseseque
foraspecificaminoacid Ininsertioncanchangetheaminoacidstheycodefor canchangemorethan 1
Codes
aminoacidastheyhaveaknockon effect ontheotherbases inthesequence
