National
NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS
(LATEST UPDATE)
Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the idea that
human beings respond to their environment; external stimuli, not internal
stimuli? - ANS ✓Watson - he believed that all human beings could change their
behavior through classical or operant conditioning.
Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable
ratio, fixed interval, variable interval) - ANS ✓B.F. Skinner - behavioral
theorist
Continuous reinforcement schedule - ANS ✓reinforcing the desired response
every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement schedule - ANS ✓reinforcing a response only part of the
time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to
extinction than does continuous reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule - ANS ✓a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a
response only after a predetermined number of responses
What strength of reinforcement does fixed ratio schedule produce? - ANS
✓a high, steady rate of responses.
1
National Counselor
,National
What schedule of reinforcement is: giving a subject a piece of candy after
they answer five questions correctly - ANS ✓Fixed ratio
variable-ratio schedule - ANS ✓a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a
response after an unpredictable number of responses
What strength of reinforcement does variable-ratio schedule produce? -
ANS ✓High, steady rate of responding
What schedule of reinforcement is: a slot machine - ANS ✓variable-ratio
fixed-interval schedule - ANS ✓a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a
response only after a specified time has elapsed
What schedule of reinforcement is: a subject being rewarded after two
minutes of activity and then after each two minutes of activity? - ANS
✓fixed-interval
variable-interval schedule - ANS ✓a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a
response at unpredictable time intervals
What schedule of reinforcement is: rewarding a subject after one minute of
activity, three minutes of activity, six minutes of activity, and so on... - ANS
✓variable-interval
In operant conditioning, reinforcement ______________ behavior and
punishment _______________ behavior. - ANS ✓Increases, Decreases
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? - ANS
✓Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus, negative reinforcement either removes
a noxious stimuli (buckling seatbelt to get rid of beeping) or behavior avoids
noxious stimulus (studying to avoid bad grades)
2
National Counselor
,National
A counselor asks her client what day it is, where he is right now, and what
his name is. The counselor is gathering info for what part of the mental
status examination? - ANS ✓Sensorium
What characterizes Generation "X" group, which refers to individuals born
between 1965 and 1976? - ANS ✓Wanting exciting jobs and keeping options
open
A married couple with two school-aged children gets divorced, which
drastically reduces the amount of conflict in the home. All of a sudden,
however, the younger child starts throwing temper tantrums, whereas
before he was perfectly well-behaved. What phenomenon might explain
this child's change in behavior following the divorce? - ANS ✓Homeostasis
What are the four stages of Bergan's behavioral model of consultation? -
ANS ✓Problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, problem
evaluation
Delirium, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease are all what type of
disorder? - ANS ✓Neurocognitive
A family counselor who consciously joins with the family during sessions,
observes what he experiences during those sessions, and then makes
interpretations to family members is most likely operating from what
perspective?
A. Bowen
B. Humanistic
C. Experiential
D. Narrative - ANS ✓C. Experiential
A counselor works closely with clients from a culture different from hers in
an attempt to understand their perspectives - is an example of what type of
worldview? - ANS ✓Emic
3
National Counselor
, National
Facts about social justice counseling: - ANS ✓- it seeks a balance of power and
resources
- it addresses issues of unequal power
- it has led to ACA identifying advocacy competencies for counselors
what is shaping in operant conditioning? - ANS ✓a way of adding behaviors to
a persons repertoire
-used when target behavior does not yet exist
-what is reinforced is an approximation of the target behavior, the behavior
you want to shape.
Thorndike is best known for what theory? - ANS ✓law of effect - responses
that are immediately positively reinforced are more likely to occur again in the
future.
-also, responses that are immediately negatively reinforced are less likely
to occur in the future.
Cognitive theories of psychology focus on what? - ANS ✓a persons thought
processes, such as motivation, problem solving, decision-making, thinking, and
attention.
Aaron Beck is what kind of theorist?? - ANS ✓Cognitive
-believed people had automatic thoughts which are spontaneous negative
cognitive distortions.
-negative thoughts affect a persons behavior.
-regardless of disorder a person is experiencing - he believed if negative
thoughts could be identified, they could be evaluated and replaced - which
would then change the response or behavior
Filtering, Polarized thinking, Overgeneralization, Catastrophizing,
Personalization, Control Fallacies, Blaming, Shoulds, Emotional Reasoning,
and Always being right - are examples of what? - ANS ✓Cognitive Distortions
4
National Counselor
NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAMINATION STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS
(LATEST UPDATE)
Who created the behavioral psychology theory based on the idea that
human beings respond to their environment; external stimuli, not internal
stimuli? - ANS ✓Watson - he believed that all human beings could change their
behavior through classical or operant conditioning.
Who developed the following schedules of reinforcement:
Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio, variable
ratio, fixed interval, variable interval) - ANS ✓B.F. Skinner - behavioral
theorist
Continuous reinforcement schedule - ANS ✓reinforcing the desired response
every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement schedule - ANS ✓reinforcing a response only part of the
time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to
extinction than does continuous reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule - ANS ✓a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a
response only after a predetermined number of responses
What strength of reinforcement does fixed ratio schedule produce? - ANS
✓a high, steady rate of responses.
1
National Counselor
,National
What schedule of reinforcement is: giving a subject a piece of candy after
they answer five questions correctly - ANS ✓Fixed ratio
variable-ratio schedule - ANS ✓a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a
response after an unpredictable number of responses
What strength of reinforcement does variable-ratio schedule produce? -
ANS ✓High, steady rate of responding
What schedule of reinforcement is: a slot machine - ANS ✓variable-ratio
fixed-interval schedule - ANS ✓a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a
response only after a specified time has elapsed
What schedule of reinforcement is: a subject being rewarded after two
minutes of activity and then after each two minutes of activity? - ANS
✓fixed-interval
variable-interval schedule - ANS ✓a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a
response at unpredictable time intervals
What schedule of reinforcement is: rewarding a subject after one minute of
activity, three minutes of activity, six minutes of activity, and so on... - ANS
✓variable-interval
In operant conditioning, reinforcement ______________ behavior and
punishment _______________ behavior. - ANS ✓Increases, Decreases
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? - ANS
✓Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus, negative reinforcement either removes
a noxious stimuli (buckling seatbelt to get rid of beeping) or behavior avoids
noxious stimulus (studying to avoid bad grades)
2
National Counselor
,National
A counselor asks her client what day it is, where he is right now, and what
his name is. The counselor is gathering info for what part of the mental
status examination? - ANS ✓Sensorium
What characterizes Generation "X" group, which refers to individuals born
between 1965 and 1976? - ANS ✓Wanting exciting jobs and keeping options
open
A married couple with two school-aged children gets divorced, which
drastically reduces the amount of conflict in the home. All of a sudden,
however, the younger child starts throwing temper tantrums, whereas
before he was perfectly well-behaved. What phenomenon might explain
this child's change in behavior following the divorce? - ANS ✓Homeostasis
What are the four stages of Bergan's behavioral model of consultation? -
ANS ✓Problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, problem
evaluation
Delirium, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease are all what type of
disorder? - ANS ✓Neurocognitive
A family counselor who consciously joins with the family during sessions,
observes what he experiences during those sessions, and then makes
interpretations to family members is most likely operating from what
perspective?
A. Bowen
B. Humanistic
C. Experiential
D. Narrative - ANS ✓C. Experiential
A counselor works closely with clients from a culture different from hers in
an attempt to understand their perspectives - is an example of what type of
worldview? - ANS ✓Emic
3
National Counselor
, National
Facts about social justice counseling: - ANS ✓- it seeks a balance of power and
resources
- it addresses issues of unequal power
- it has led to ACA identifying advocacy competencies for counselors
what is shaping in operant conditioning? - ANS ✓a way of adding behaviors to
a persons repertoire
-used when target behavior does not yet exist
-what is reinforced is an approximation of the target behavior, the behavior
you want to shape.
Thorndike is best known for what theory? - ANS ✓law of effect - responses
that are immediately positively reinforced are more likely to occur again in the
future.
-also, responses that are immediately negatively reinforced are less likely
to occur in the future.
Cognitive theories of psychology focus on what? - ANS ✓a persons thought
processes, such as motivation, problem solving, decision-making, thinking, and
attention.
Aaron Beck is what kind of theorist?? - ANS ✓Cognitive
-believed people had automatic thoughts which are spontaneous negative
cognitive distortions.
-negative thoughts affect a persons behavior.
-regardless of disorder a person is experiencing - he believed if negative
thoughts could be identified, they could be evaluated and replaced - which
would then change the response or behavior
Filtering, Polarized thinking, Overgeneralization, Catastrophizing,
Personalization, Control Fallacies, Blaming, Shoulds, Emotional Reasoning,
and Always being right - are examples of what? - ANS ✓Cognitive Distortions
4
National Counselor
