GMS6530 final Exam with complete
solutions 2024/2025
what is the pulse for a young adult female - ANSWER-72-80
what is the pulse for a young adult male - ANSWER-64-72
does a fever increase or decrease heart rate - ANSWER-increase
what does positive chronotropic agents mean - ANSWER-factors that raise the
heart rate
the ANS does NOT initiate the heart beat, but what can it control - ANSWER-
rhythm and force
where are the cardiac centers located in the brain - ANSWER-medulla oblongata
sympathetic postganglionic fibers are what and release what neirotransmitter -
ANSWER-adrenergic and release norepinephrine
norepinephrine binds to what receptors in the heart - ANSWER-beta-adrenergic
receptors
once epinephrine binds to receptors in the heart, what second messenger does it
activate - ANSWER-cAMP second-messenger system and then opening of Ca2+
channels
what effect does norepinephrine have on the heart - ANSWER-accelerates both
contraction and relaxation
,when the heart rate reaches higher than 160 bpm, what happens - ANSWER-
stroke volume and cardiac output decrease
what effect does the PSNS have on the heart - ANSWER-cholinergic, inhibitory
effect
what kind of receptor does acetylcholine bind to - ANSWER-muscarinic
does the heart rate increase before or after metabolic demands arise - ANSWER-
before
what are proprioceptors - ANSWER-tell us what position our body is in (standing
up, laying down)
which electrolyte has the greatest chronotropic effect - ANSWER-K+
hyperkalemia on the heart - ANSWER-excess K+
leaks into cardiocytes, HR slows, and is irregular
hypokalemia on the heart - ANSWER-too little K+
cells hyperpolarized, need increased stimulation
hypercalcemia on the heart - ANSWER-excess Ca2+
increase HR and contraction strength
hypernatremia on the heart - ANSWER-excess Na+
increases HR
what 3 variables control stroke volume - ANSWER-preload
afterload
contractility
does exercise increase or decrease venous return - ANSWER-increase (ventricle
gets stretched)
what are positive inotropic agents for contractility - ANSWER-hypercalcemia
, catecholamines (increase Ca2+ levels)
Digitalis (raises Ca2+ levels)
what are negative inotropic agents for contractility - ANSWER-hypocalcemia
(weak heartbeat)
hyperkalemia (weak action potentials)
where does the largest part of afterload come from - ANSWER-BP in aorta and
pulmonary trunk
does hypertension increase or decrease afterload - ANSWER-increases
which is bigger, vein or artery - ANSWER-veins
which has more smooth muscle, arteries or veins - ANSWER-arteries
what is the biggest type of artery - ANSWER-conducting (elastic) arteries
aorta is example
do conducting arteries expand or contract during systole - ANSWER-expand
what is the thickest layer in the smallest, resistance arteries - ANSWER-tunica
media (smooth muscle)
do veins have thicker or thinner walls than arteries - ANSWER-thinner
what is the definition of perfusion - ANSWER-the flow per given volume or mass
of tissue in a given time
at rest, what is flow equal to - ANSWER-cardiac output
a blood pressure cuff measures the BP at what artery - ANSWER-brachial artery
what is systolic pressure - ANSWER-peak arterial BP taken during ventricular
contraction (systole)
what is diastolic pressure - ANSWER-minimum arterial BP taken during
ventricular relaxation (diastole) between heart beats
solutions 2024/2025
what is the pulse for a young adult female - ANSWER-72-80
what is the pulse for a young adult male - ANSWER-64-72
does a fever increase or decrease heart rate - ANSWER-increase
what does positive chronotropic agents mean - ANSWER-factors that raise the
heart rate
the ANS does NOT initiate the heart beat, but what can it control - ANSWER-
rhythm and force
where are the cardiac centers located in the brain - ANSWER-medulla oblongata
sympathetic postganglionic fibers are what and release what neirotransmitter -
ANSWER-adrenergic and release norepinephrine
norepinephrine binds to what receptors in the heart - ANSWER-beta-adrenergic
receptors
once epinephrine binds to receptors in the heart, what second messenger does it
activate - ANSWER-cAMP second-messenger system and then opening of Ca2+
channels
what effect does norepinephrine have on the heart - ANSWER-accelerates both
contraction and relaxation
,when the heart rate reaches higher than 160 bpm, what happens - ANSWER-
stroke volume and cardiac output decrease
what effect does the PSNS have on the heart - ANSWER-cholinergic, inhibitory
effect
what kind of receptor does acetylcholine bind to - ANSWER-muscarinic
does the heart rate increase before or after metabolic demands arise - ANSWER-
before
what are proprioceptors - ANSWER-tell us what position our body is in (standing
up, laying down)
which electrolyte has the greatest chronotropic effect - ANSWER-K+
hyperkalemia on the heart - ANSWER-excess K+
leaks into cardiocytes, HR slows, and is irregular
hypokalemia on the heart - ANSWER-too little K+
cells hyperpolarized, need increased stimulation
hypercalcemia on the heart - ANSWER-excess Ca2+
increase HR and contraction strength
hypernatremia on the heart - ANSWER-excess Na+
increases HR
what 3 variables control stroke volume - ANSWER-preload
afterload
contractility
does exercise increase or decrease venous return - ANSWER-increase (ventricle
gets stretched)
what are positive inotropic agents for contractility - ANSWER-hypercalcemia
, catecholamines (increase Ca2+ levels)
Digitalis (raises Ca2+ levels)
what are negative inotropic agents for contractility - ANSWER-hypocalcemia
(weak heartbeat)
hyperkalemia (weak action potentials)
where does the largest part of afterload come from - ANSWER-BP in aorta and
pulmonary trunk
does hypertension increase or decrease afterload - ANSWER-increases
which is bigger, vein or artery - ANSWER-veins
which has more smooth muscle, arteries or veins - ANSWER-arteries
what is the biggest type of artery - ANSWER-conducting (elastic) arteries
aorta is example
do conducting arteries expand or contract during systole - ANSWER-expand
what is the thickest layer in the smallest, resistance arteries - ANSWER-tunica
media (smooth muscle)
do veins have thicker or thinner walls than arteries - ANSWER-thinner
what is the definition of perfusion - ANSWER-the flow per given volume or mass
of tissue in a given time
at rest, what is flow equal to - ANSWER-cardiac output
a blood pressure cuff measures the BP at what artery - ANSWER-brachial artery
what is systolic pressure - ANSWER-peak arterial BP taken during ventricular
contraction (systole)
what is diastolic pressure - ANSWER-minimum arterial BP taken during
ventricular relaxation (diastole) between heart beats
