Phil 235 Final UPDATED Actual Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Therapeutic research - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔when patients with a particular condition
or disease are simultaneously research
subjects and patients being treated for the illness.
Nontherapeutic, or non-clinical, research - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔conducted on research
subjects who are otherwise healthy and the research has no intended potential
benefit to the volunteer.
nontherapeutic research requires informed and voluntary consent - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔since no appeal
to the patient's "well-being" is possible.
Halushka v. University of Saskatchewan. - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Walter
Halushka,experiment for a
new drug. he was only
partially informed about the procedures that would be necessary to monitor the
effects of the new anesthetic drug. He was not informed that there was a low, but
quantifiable degree of serious risk such as cardiac arrest. During the testing, the
worst happened, and Mr. Halushka's life was saved only through a procedure in
which his chest was opened up and his heart massaged manually.
Alexander Capron - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔.reminding us that indeed the existence of
research codes has not brought to an end
all violations of ethical principles in the context of research.
.argues that mental illness is a
particularly difficult case because of how helpless families often feel, perhaps
leading them to allow for more potentially harmful research than they would have
allowed in other cases.
, Lainie Ross - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔. presents an extended argument that indeed
children can participate morally
as research subjects and that often too much emphasis is placed on a very young
child's dissent.
.Paul Ramsey and Richard McCormick (two American
theologians) debated whether it was ever legitimate to have children participating
in research. Ramsey argued that children should never be used in nontherapeutic
research. Since children cannot give a fully informed consent, the only option
would be a proxy decision maker. But a proxy decision maker is not responsible
for deciding on nontherapeutic research. So, there is no possible way to have a
legitimate consent (the child's consent is not informed, and a proxy consent is
.McCormick countered that parental
consent should be valid so long as it represented what the child would have
reasonably wanted were they of an age to give consent.
.concept of "constrained parental autonomy" as an
answer to Ramsey's arguments that even if it is necessary all child research
participation is ultimately immoral.
.Ross suggests that parents should have prima facie decision making authority that is only
questioned if the decision "is disrespectful of the child's developing personhood"
individual conflict of interest - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔a situation that occurs when an
individual has two or more distinct
interests and/or obligations, both
of which make legitimate demands
on her but are in conflict with one
another.
Nuremberg Code of 1948 - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔• Is informed consent always
necessary, and what counts as informed consent?
• Is the experiment genuinely necessary, and by what criteria?
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Therapeutic research - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔when patients with a particular condition
or disease are simultaneously research
subjects and patients being treated for the illness.
Nontherapeutic, or non-clinical, research - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔conducted on research
subjects who are otherwise healthy and the research has no intended potential
benefit to the volunteer.
nontherapeutic research requires informed and voluntary consent - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔since no appeal
to the patient's "well-being" is possible.
Halushka v. University of Saskatchewan. - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Walter
Halushka,experiment for a
new drug. he was only
partially informed about the procedures that would be necessary to monitor the
effects of the new anesthetic drug. He was not informed that there was a low, but
quantifiable degree of serious risk such as cardiac arrest. During the testing, the
worst happened, and Mr. Halushka's life was saved only through a procedure in
which his chest was opened up and his heart massaged manually.
Alexander Capron - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔.reminding us that indeed the existence of
research codes has not brought to an end
all violations of ethical principles in the context of research.
.argues that mental illness is a
particularly difficult case because of how helpless families often feel, perhaps
leading them to allow for more potentially harmful research than they would have
allowed in other cases.
, Lainie Ross - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔. presents an extended argument that indeed
children can participate morally
as research subjects and that often too much emphasis is placed on a very young
child's dissent.
.Paul Ramsey and Richard McCormick (two American
theologians) debated whether it was ever legitimate to have children participating
in research. Ramsey argued that children should never be used in nontherapeutic
research. Since children cannot give a fully informed consent, the only option
would be a proxy decision maker. But a proxy decision maker is not responsible
for deciding on nontherapeutic research. So, there is no possible way to have a
legitimate consent (the child's consent is not informed, and a proxy consent is
.McCormick countered that parental
consent should be valid so long as it represented what the child would have
reasonably wanted were they of an age to give consent.
.concept of "constrained parental autonomy" as an
answer to Ramsey's arguments that even if it is necessary all child research
participation is ultimately immoral.
.Ross suggests that parents should have prima facie decision making authority that is only
questioned if the decision "is disrespectful of the child's developing personhood"
individual conflict of interest - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔a situation that occurs when an
individual has two or more distinct
interests and/or obligations, both
of which make legitimate demands
on her but are in conflict with one
another.
Nuremberg Code of 1948 - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔• Is informed consent always
necessary, and what counts as informed consent?
• Is the experiment genuinely necessary, and by what criteria?
