NURB 3050 Exam 3 with complete
solutions 2024/2025
functional unit of the kidneys - ANSWER-nephron
major functions of the kidneys - ANSWER-Regulate extracellular fluid
Excrete wastes
Secrete renin
Produce Erythropoietin
Activate Vitamin D
Regulate acid-base balance
Prostaglandin Synthesis
FEARS:
-F:luid
-E:lectrolytes, erythropoietin
-A:cid base regulation
-R:rids toxic waste
-S:ecretes renin
Bowmans capsule - ANSWER-is where the process of the nephron function that
filters the solutes of the blood due to a pressure gradient(counter-current system
for filtration) that exists between the blood in the capillaries and fluid
-collects glomerular filtrate
loop of henle - ANSWER-the section of the nephron tubule that conserves water
and minimizes volume of urine, concentrates the urine.
-electrolyte filtration
-concentrated urine is produced by a counter current exchange system in which
fluid flows in opposite directions through the parallel tubes of the loop of Henle; a
concentration gradient allows fluid to be exchanged across pathways
, distal convoluted tubule - ANSWER-is located between the loop of henle and
collecting duct
-selective reabsorption and secretion occurs here, mos notably to regulate
reabsorption of water and sodium in exchange for secreting H+ and K+ (regulated
by aldosterone)
what is the patho of kidney stones? what can be the outcome of any renal
obstruction - ANSWER--calculi or urinary stones, are masses of crystals, protein,
or other substances that are a common cause of urinary tract obstruction
-can be located in the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder
-formation is related to supersaturation of one or more salts in urine, precipitation
of the salts from a liquid to solid state, growth through crystallization or
aggregation, and the presence or absense of stone inhibitors.
-calcium stones account for 70% of all stones requiring treatment
-urine concentration of substrare turns alkalinic, there is Ca carbonate or uric
acid in urine
nidus - ANSWER-kidney stone nucleus that grows in renal tubule or renal pelvis
what can be the outcome of any renal obstruction - ANSWER--overactive or non
active bladder functioning, lead to urinary tract infections
what are some types of kidney stones? - ANSWER--calcium stones: 70% of all
stones requiring treatment
-struvite stones primarily contain magnesium ammonium phosphate as well as
varying levels of matrix that forms in an alkaline urine
-uric acid stones occur in persons who excrete excessive uric acid in the urine
such as those with gouty arthritis
renal colic - ANSWER-moderate or severe pain originating in the flank and
radiating down to the groin usually indicates obstruction of renal pevis
how does anesthesia cause urinary retention - ANSWER-it blocks nerves and
pain signals and is usually given with fluid which results in a combination of a full
bladder without nerve function to empty
glomerulonephritis - ANSWER--loss of negative charge in capillary membrane
and increased permeability of filter slits causing the swelling and inflammation of
glomerulus
-can be immunologic or hereditary
solutions 2024/2025
functional unit of the kidneys - ANSWER-nephron
major functions of the kidneys - ANSWER-Regulate extracellular fluid
Excrete wastes
Secrete renin
Produce Erythropoietin
Activate Vitamin D
Regulate acid-base balance
Prostaglandin Synthesis
FEARS:
-F:luid
-E:lectrolytes, erythropoietin
-A:cid base regulation
-R:rids toxic waste
-S:ecretes renin
Bowmans capsule - ANSWER-is where the process of the nephron function that
filters the solutes of the blood due to a pressure gradient(counter-current system
for filtration) that exists between the blood in the capillaries and fluid
-collects glomerular filtrate
loop of henle - ANSWER-the section of the nephron tubule that conserves water
and minimizes volume of urine, concentrates the urine.
-electrolyte filtration
-concentrated urine is produced by a counter current exchange system in which
fluid flows in opposite directions through the parallel tubes of the loop of Henle; a
concentration gradient allows fluid to be exchanged across pathways
, distal convoluted tubule - ANSWER-is located between the loop of henle and
collecting duct
-selective reabsorption and secretion occurs here, mos notably to regulate
reabsorption of water and sodium in exchange for secreting H+ and K+ (regulated
by aldosterone)
what is the patho of kidney stones? what can be the outcome of any renal
obstruction - ANSWER--calculi or urinary stones, are masses of crystals, protein,
or other substances that are a common cause of urinary tract obstruction
-can be located in the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder
-formation is related to supersaturation of one or more salts in urine, precipitation
of the salts from a liquid to solid state, growth through crystallization or
aggregation, and the presence or absense of stone inhibitors.
-calcium stones account for 70% of all stones requiring treatment
-urine concentration of substrare turns alkalinic, there is Ca carbonate or uric
acid in urine
nidus - ANSWER-kidney stone nucleus that grows in renal tubule or renal pelvis
what can be the outcome of any renal obstruction - ANSWER--overactive or non
active bladder functioning, lead to urinary tract infections
what are some types of kidney stones? - ANSWER--calcium stones: 70% of all
stones requiring treatment
-struvite stones primarily contain magnesium ammonium phosphate as well as
varying levels of matrix that forms in an alkaline urine
-uric acid stones occur in persons who excrete excessive uric acid in the urine
such as those with gouty arthritis
renal colic - ANSWER-moderate or severe pain originating in the flank and
radiating down to the groin usually indicates obstruction of renal pevis
how does anesthesia cause urinary retention - ANSWER-it blocks nerves and
pain signals and is usually given with fluid which results in a combination of a full
bladder without nerve function to empty
glomerulonephritis - ANSWER--loss of negative charge in capillary membrane
and increased permeability of filter slits causing the swelling and inflammation of
glomerulus
-can be immunologic or hereditary
