NPRO 1100, Exam 2 Questions And
Complete Answers
what does urine specific gravity (SG) measure and what are the normal ranges - Answer
measures concentration of solutes in urine
normal range: 1.005-1.030
what does BUN measure and what are the normal ranges - Answer measures amount of
urea in the bloodstream
normal range: 7-20 mg/dL
what is creatinine and what are the normal ranges - Answer indicator of renal function
breakdown product of muscle metabolism
normal range: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
what does hematocrit measure and what are the normal ranges - Answer measures the
percentage of RBC in whole blood volume
normal ranges: 40%-50% for males
35%-45% for females
sodium ranges - Answer 135-145 mEq/L
potassium ranges - Answer 3.5-5 mEq/L
calcium ranges - Answer 8.5-10.5 mEq/L
magnesium ranges - Answer 1.5-2.3 mEq/L
O2 sat ranges - Answer 95-100%
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hyponatremia - Answer causes: GI fluid
loss, hypotonic IV fluid, heart failure, diuretic use
signs and symptoms: dizziness, confusion, weakness, nausea, vomiting
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypernatremia - Answer causes:
dehydration, heatstroke, diabetes insipidus
signs and symptoms: thirst, dry/sticky mucous membranes, irritability, hallucinations,
restlessness
,what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypokalemia - Answer causes: GI fluid loss,
bulimia, metabolic acidosis
signs and symptoms: irregular/weak pulse, EKG changes, muscle weakness, decreased
bowel motility
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hyperkalemia - Answer causes: kidney
injury, adrenal insufficiency, diabetic ketoacidosis
signs and symptoms: bradycardia, flaccid paralysis, irritability
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypocalemia - Answer causes:
hypoparathyroidism, pancreatitis, malabsorption
signs and symptoms: numbness, tingling of extremities, positive trousseau and chvostek
signs
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypercalcemia - Answer causes:
hypoparathyroidism, malignant bone disease, prolonged immobilization
signs and symptoms: muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, stupor
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypomagnesemia - Answer causes:
alcoholism, malabsorption, chronic laxative use
signs and symptoms, neuromuscular excitement, muscle spasms, confusion, insomnia
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypermagnesemia - Answer causes: renal
failure, adrenal insufficiency, hyperthyroidism
signs and symptoms: bradycardia, lethargy, diminished reflexes, impaired swallowing
hypotonic solution - Answer "go out of the vessel and into the cell"
extracellular to intracellular
makes cell swell
more diluted and decreased osmolality (less salt, more water)
hypotonic solution examples - Answer 0.45% NS
2.5% dextrose
0.33% NS
uses for hypotonic IV solutions - Answer hypernatremia
intracellular dehydration
helps kidneys excrete excess fluids
, what to monitor for hypotonic solutions - Answer monitor mental status changes
low BP
hypovolemia
hyponatremia
hypertonic solutions - Answer "enter the vessel from the cells"
intracellular to extracellular
cell shrivels
more concentrated and increased osmolality
hypertonic solution examples - Answer 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline (D5NS)
5% dextrose in 0.45% saline
5% dextrose in LR
hypertonic IV solution uses - Answer cerebral edema
hyponatremia
metabolic acidosis
maintenance of fluid
hypovolemia
hypertonic solution side effects - Answer could cause fluid overload in extracellular
space, leading to pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs)
could cause hypernatremia
what to monitor when administering hypertonic solutions - Answer BP
breathing/lung sounds
isotonic solution - Answer "stays where I put it"
same osmolality as body fluids (equal water and particle ratio)
isotonic solution examples - Answer 0.9% saline (NS)
lactated ringers (LR)
5% dextrose (D5W)
isotonic IV uses - Answer expands intravascular fluid volume and replaces fluid loss
associated with:
Complete Answers
what does urine specific gravity (SG) measure and what are the normal ranges - Answer
measures concentration of solutes in urine
normal range: 1.005-1.030
what does BUN measure and what are the normal ranges - Answer measures amount of
urea in the bloodstream
normal range: 7-20 mg/dL
what is creatinine and what are the normal ranges - Answer indicator of renal function
breakdown product of muscle metabolism
normal range: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
what does hematocrit measure and what are the normal ranges - Answer measures the
percentage of RBC in whole blood volume
normal ranges: 40%-50% for males
35%-45% for females
sodium ranges - Answer 135-145 mEq/L
potassium ranges - Answer 3.5-5 mEq/L
calcium ranges - Answer 8.5-10.5 mEq/L
magnesium ranges - Answer 1.5-2.3 mEq/L
O2 sat ranges - Answer 95-100%
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hyponatremia - Answer causes: GI fluid
loss, hypotonic IV fluid, heart failure, diuretic use
signs and symptoms: dizziness, confusion, weakness, nausea, vomiting
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypernatremia - Answer causes:
dehydration, heatstroke, diabetes insipidus
signs and symptoms: thirst, dry/sticky mucous membranes, irritability, hallucinations,
restlessness
,what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypokalemia - Answer causes: GI fluid loss,
bulimia, metabolic acidosis
signs and symptoms: irregular/weak pulse, EKG changes, muscle weakness, decreased
bowel motility
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hyperkalemia - Answer causes: kidney
injury, adrenal insufficiency, diabetic ketoacidosis
signs and symptoms: bradycardia, flaccid paralysis, irritability
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypocalemia - Answer causes:
hypoparathyroidism, pancreatitis, malabsorption
signs and symptoms: numbness, tingling of extremities, positive trousseau and chvostek
signs
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypercalcemia - Answer causes:
hypoparathyroidism, malignant bone disease, prolonged immobilization
signs and symptoms: muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, stupor
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypomagnesemia - Answer causes:
alcoholism, malabsorption, chronic laxative use
signs and symptoms, neuromuscular excitement, muscle spasms, confusion, insomnia
what are the causes and signs/symptoms of hypermagnesemia - Answer causes: renal
failure, adrenal insufficiency, hyperthyroidism
signs and symptoms: bradycardia, lethargy, diminished reflexes, impaired swallowing
hypotonic solution - Answer "go out of the vessel and into the cell"
extracellular to intracellular
makes cell swell
more diluted and decreased osmolality (less salt, more water)
hypotonic solution examples - Answer 0.45% NS
2.5% dextrose
0.33% NS
uses for hypotonic IV solutions - Answer hypernatremia
intracellular dehydration
helps kidneys excrete excess fluids
, what to monitor for hypotonic solutions - Answer monitor mental status changes
low BP
hypovolemia
hyponatremia
hypertonic solutions - Answer "enter the vessel from the cells"
intracellular to extracellular
cell shrivels
more concentrated and increased osmolality
hypertonic solution examples - Answer 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline (D5NS)
5% dextrose in 0.45% saline
5% dextrose in LR
hypertonic IV solution uses - Answer cerebral edema
hyponatremia
metabolic acidosis
maintenance of fluid
hypovolemia
hypertonic solution side effects - Answer could cause fluid overload in extracellular
space, leading to pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs)
could cause hypernatremia
what to monitor when administering hypertonic solutions - Answer BP
breathing/lung sounds
isotonic solution - Answer "stays where I put it"
same osmolality as body fluids (equal water and particle ratio)
isotonic solution examples - Answer 0.9% saline (NS)
lactated ringers (LR)
5% dextrose (D5W)
isotonic IV uses - Answer expands intravascular fluid volume and replaces fluid loss
associated with:
