NPRO 1100 Final Exam Questions And
Correct Answers
Intraocular pressure (IOP) - Answer Fluid pressure inside the eye; measured with
tonometry
12 - 21 mm Hg
Direct Mechanical Theory - Answer high IOP damages the retinal layer as it passes
through the optic nerve head
Indirect Ischemic Theory - Answer high IOP compresses the microcirculation in the
optic nerve head, resulting in cell injury and death
Symptoms of Glaucoma - Answer Blurred vision, halos around lights, difficulty focusing,
difficulty adjusting eyes in low lighting, loss of peripheral vision, aching or discomfort
around the eyes, headache
Acute angle closure glaucoma - Answer Rapidly progressive visual impairment,
periocular pain, conjunctival hyperemia, and congestion. Pain may be associated with
nausea, vomiting, bradycardia, and profuse sweating. Reduced central visual acuity,
severely elevated IOP, corneal edema. Pupil is vertically oval, fixed in a semi-dilated
position, and unreactive to light and accommodation.
Ocular emergency; administration of hyperosmotics, acetazolamide, and topical ocular
hypotensive agents, such as pilocarpine and beta-blockers (betaxolol). Possible laser
incision in the iris (iridotomy) to release blocked aqueous and reduce IOP. Other eye is
also treated with pilocarpine eye drops and/or surgical management to avoid a similar
spontaneous attack.
Subacute angle-closure glaucoma - Answer Transient blurring of vision, halos around
lights; temporal headaches and/or ocular pain
Prophylactic peripheral laser iridotomy. Can lead to acute or chronic angle-closure
glaucoma if untreated
Chronic angle closure glaucoma - Answer Progression of glaucomatous cupping and
significant visual field loss; IOP may be normal or elevated; ocular pain and headache
Management includes laser iridotomy and medications
General Medications for Glaucoma (Table 63-5) - Answer Cholinergics - increase the
outflow of the aqueous humor by affecting ciliary muscle contractions and pupil
constriction, allowing flow through a larger opening between the iris and the trabecular
meshwork.
, Beta-blockers and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decrease aqueous production
Prostaglandin analogs reduce IOP by increasing aqueous humor outflow
Hypotomy - Answer extremely low IOP
Myopia and Hyperopia - Answer nearsightedness (can focus on close, not far) and
farsightedness
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer Treat glaucoma
Decreases aqueous humor production
Diuresis
Diamox is an example
Oral, Sustained release oral, IV
Cataracts - Answer lens opacity or cloudiness
Painless, blurry vision
Risk Factors:
Look at list on pg. 1894
Glaucoma - Answer increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and
optic nerve with loss of vision
Risk Factors:
African American
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes Family history of glaucoma Migraine syndromes Nearsightedness (myopia)
Older age
Previous eye trauma Prolonged use of topical or systemic corticosteroids
Thin cornea
Cataract Testing - Answer Snellen Visual Acuity Test
Ophthalmoscopy
Slit-lamp biomiscropic examination
If both eyes are afflicted with cataracts, can you do the procedure on them both at
once? - Answer No, surgeons like to remove cataracts from one eye and wait several
weeks- to months so that they can evaluate the effectiveness of the first surgery
Correct Answers
Intraocular pressure (IOP) - Answer Fluid pressure inside the eye; measured with
tonometry
12 - 21 mm Hg
Direct Mechanical Theory - Answer high IOP damages the retinal layer as it passes
through the optic nerve head
Indirect Ischemic Theory - Answer high IOP compresses the microcirculation in the
optic nerve head, resulting in cell injury and death
Symptoms of Glaucoma - Answer Blurred vision, halos around lights, difficulty focusing,
difficulty adjusting eyes in low lighting, loss of peripheral vision, aching or discomfort
around the eyes, headache
Acute angle closure glaucoma - Answer Rapidly progressive visual impairment,
periocular pain, conjunctival hyperemia, and congestion. Pain may be associated with
nausea, vomiting, bradycardia, and profuse sweating. Reduced central visual acuity,
severely elevated IOP, corneal edema. Pupil is vertically oval, fixed in a semi-dilated
position, and unreactive to light and accommodation.
Ocular emergency; administration of hyperosmotics, acetazolamide, and topical ocular
hypotensive agents, such as pilocarpine and beta-blockers (betaxolol). Possible laser
incision in the iris (iridotomy) to release blocked aqueous and reduce IOP. Other eye is
also treated with pilocarpine eye drops and/or surgical management to avoid a similar
spontaneous attack.
Subacute angle-closure glaucoma - Answer Transient blurring of vision, halos around
lights; temporal headaches and/or ocular pain
Prophylactic peripheral laser iridotomy. Can lead to acute or chronic angle-closure
glaucoma if untreated
Chronic angle closure glaucoma - Answer Progression of glaucomatous cupping and
significant visual field loss; IOP may be normal or elevated; ocular pain and headache
Management includes laser iridotomy and medications
General Medications for Glaucoma (Table 63-5) - Answer Cholinergics - increase the
outflow of the aqueous humor by affecting ciliary muscle contractions and pupil
constriction, allowing flow through a larger opening between the iris and the trabecular
meshwork.
, Beta-blockers and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decrease aqueous production
Prostaglandin analogs reduce IOP by increasing aqueous humor outflow
Hypotomy - Answer extremely low IOP
Myopia and Hyperopia - Answer nearsightedness (can focus on close, not far) and
farsightedness
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer Treat glaucoma
Decreases aqueous humor production
Diuresis
Diamox is an example
Oral, Sustained release oral, IV
Cataracts - Answer lens opacity or cloudiness
Painless, blurry vision
Risk Factors:
Look at list on pg. 1894
Glaucoma - Answer increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and
optic nerve with loss of vision
Risk Factors:
African American
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes Family history of glaucoma Migraine syndromes Nearsightedness (myopia)
Older age
Previous eye trauma Prolonged use of topical or systemic corticosteroids
Thin cornea
Cataract Testing - Answer Snellen Visual Acuity Test
Ophthalmoscopy
Slit-lamp biomiscropic examination
If both eyes are afflicted with cataracts, can you do the procedure on them both at
once? - Answer No, surgeons like to remove cataracts from one eye and wait several
weeks- to months so that they can evaluate the effectiveness of the first surgery
