NURS 4500 - Gastrointestinal System Exam With
100% Verified Answers 2024-2025
Functions of GI System - Answer Primarily to provide nutrients to body cells
- Accomplished by ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
- Psychological and emotional factors can affect functioning
Layers of the GI System - Answer Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscle
- Serosa
GI Nervous System - Answer Enteric nervous system
- Sympathetic = inhibitory (Relaxation, reduced peristalsis)
- Parasympathetic = Excitatory (Increased peristalsis)
- Two nerve layers between mucosa & muscle (Pressure & movement)
Vascular Supply in GI System - Answer Blood empties into portal vein which perfuses
the liver
- Supply from celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and inferior mesenteric
artery (IMA)
Peritoneum - Answer - Almost completely covers abdominal organs
- Parietal layer = abdominal wall cavity
- Visceral layer = covers abdominal organs
,Ingestion - Answer - Intake of food
- Appetite influenced by hypothalamus (Directly or indirectly stimulated hypoglycemia,
empty stomach, and decrease in body temp)
Digestion - Answer - Physical and chemical breakdown of food into absorbable
substances
- Starts in mouth (Amylase secreted from salivary glands)
- Stomach stores food, secretes digestive juices, mix food w/ secretions, emptying
chyme into the small intestine
- Completed in small intestine
Pyrosis - Answer Alternate term for heart burn
Absorption - Answer - Takes place through villi in the small intestine
- Vitamins & minerals absorbed within small intestine and transferred into blood stream
Water Brash - Answer - Build up of saliva and some acid from stomach that backs up
Elimination - Answer - Large intestine involved
- Absorption of water & electrolytes
- Defecation can be voluntary or involuntary
- Valsalva manoevure (Increased straining w/ defecation or lifting heavy objects)
Salivary Gland Secretions - Answer Salivary amylase
- Initiation of starch digestion
Stomach Gastric Secretions - Answer Pepsinogen (Protein digestion)
- HCl acid (Activation of pepsinogen to pepsin)
,- Lipase (Fat digestion)
- Intrinsic factor (Essential for cobalamin absorption in ileum)
Small Intestine Gastric Secretions - Answer Enterokinase (Activation of trypsinogen to
trypsin)
- Amylase (Further carb digestion)
- Peptidases & Aminopeptidases (Protein digestion)
- Maltase )Maltose to two glucose molecules)
- Sucrase [Sucrose to glucose and fructose]
- Lactase [Lactose to glucose and galactose]
- Lipase [Further digestion of fat]
Pancreas
Gastric Secretions - Answer
Trypsinogen [Protein digestion]
Chymotrypsin [Protein digestion]
Amylase [Starch to disaccharides]
Lipase [Digestion of fat]
Liver & Gallbladder
Gastric Secretions - Answer
Bile [Emulsification of fats, aid in the absorption of fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins
(A, D, E, K)
Gastrin - Answer - Hormone secreted from gastric and duodenal mucosa
- Stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility
- Maintains lower esophageal sphincter tone
Secretin - Answer - Hormone secreted from duodenal mucosa
- Inhibits gastric motility and acid secretion
, - Stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
Cholecystokinin - Answer - Hormone secreted from duodenal mucosa
- Contracts gallbladder and releases pyloric sphincter
- Allows increased flow of bile into duodenum
- Release of pancreatic digestive enzymes
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide - Anstre Gastric Inhibitory Peptide - Answer - Hormone
secreted from duodenal mucosa
- Inhibits gastric acid secretion and motility
Liver - Answer - Largest organ, essential for life
- Cant live without, regenerates
- Manufacture, storage, transformation and excretion of many substances involved in
metabolism (Bile made and stored in gallbladder)
- 1/4 of blood supply from hepatic artery
- 3/4 of blood supply from portal vein (Carries absorbed products of digestion to the
liver)
Biliary Tract -Answer - Gallbladder and duct system (Can live without but bile isn't
released the same way)
- Bile produced in hepatic cells and secreted into gallbladder for storage
- Removal can increase risk for type 1 diabetes (If pt already has type 2)
Bilirubin -Answer - Pigment from breakdown of Hb
- Manufactured in bone marrow cells and in liver as the end product of RBC
- Insoluble in water, bound to albumin for transport to liver
- Reduced to stercobilinogen = makes stool colour
- High levels can cause jaundice
100% Verified Answers 2024-2025
Functions of GI System - Answer Primarily to provide nutrients to body cells
- Accomplished by ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
- Psychological and emotional factors can affect functioning
Layers of the GI System - Answer Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscle
- Serosa
GI Nervous System - Answer Enteric nervous system
- Sympathetic = inhibitory (Relaxation, reduced peristalsis)
- Parasympathetic = Excitatory (Increased peristalsis)
- Two nerve layers between mucosa & muscle (Pressure & movement)
Vascular Supply in GI System - Answer Blood empties into portal vein which perfuses
the liver
- Supply from celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and inferior mesenteric
artery (IMA)
Peritoneum - Answer - Almost completely covers abdominal organs
- Parietal layer = abdominal wall cavity
- Visceral layer = covers abdominal organs
,Ingestion - Answer - Intake of food
- Appetite influenced by hypothalamus (Directly or indirectly stimulated hypoglycemia,
empty stomach, and decrease in body temp)
Digestion - Answer - Physical and chemical breakdown of food into absorbable
substances
- Starts in mouth (Amylase secreted from salivary glands)
- Stomach stores food, secretes digestive juices, mix food w/ secretions, emptying
chyme into the small intestine
- Completed in small intestine
Pyrosis - Answer Alternate term for heart burn
Absorption - Answer - Takes place through villi in the small intestine
- Vitamins & minerals absorbed within small intestine and transferred into blood stream
Water Brash - Answer - Build up of saliva and some acid from stomach that backs up
Elimination - Answer - Large intestine involved
- Absorption of water & electrolytes
- Defecation can be voluntary or involuntary
- Valsalva manoevure (Increased straining w/ defecation or lifting heavy objects)
Salivary Gland Secretions - Answer Salivary amylase
- Initiation of starch digestion
Stomach Gastric Secretions - Answer Pepsinogen (Protein digestion)
- HCl acid (Activation of pepsinogen to pepsin)
,- Lipase (Fat digestion)
- Intrinsic factor (Essential for cobalamin absorption in ileum)
Small Intestine Gastric Secretions - Answer Enterokinase (Activation of trypsinogen to
trypsin)
- Amylase (Further carb digestion)
- Peptidases & Aminopeptidases (Protein digestion)
- Maltase )Maltose to two glucose molecules)
- Sucrase [Sucrose to glucose and fructose]
- Lactase [Lactose to glucose and galactose]
- Lipase [Further digestion of fat]
Pancreas
Gastric Secretions - Answer
Trypsinogen [Protein digestion]
Chymotrypsin [Protein digestion]
Amylase [Starch to disaccharides]
Lipase [Digestion of fat]
Liver & Gallbladder
Gastric Secretions - Answer
Bile [Emulsification of fats, aid in the absorption of fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins
(A, D, E, K)
Gastrin - Answer - Hormone secreted from gastric and duodenal mucosa
- Stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility
- Maintains lower esophageal sphincter tone
Secretin - Answer - Hormone secreted from duodenal mucosa
- Inhibits gastric motility and acid secretion
, - Stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
Cholecystokinin - Answer - Hormone secreted from duodenal mucosa
- Contracts gallbladder and releases pyloric sphincter
- Allows increased flow of bile into duodenum
- Release of pancreatic digestive enzymes
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide - Anstre Gastric Inhibitory Peptide - Answer - Hormone
secreted from duodenal mucosa
- Inhibits gastric acid secretion and motility
Liver - Answer - Largest organ, essential for life
- Cant live without, regenerates
- Manufacture, storage, transformation and excretion of many substances involved in
metabolism (Bile made and stored in gallbladder)
- 1/4 of blood supply from hepatic artery
- 3/4 of blood supply from portal vein (Carries absorbed products of digestion to the
liver)
Biliary Tract -Answer - Gallbladder and duct system (Can live without but bile isn't
released the same way)
- Bile produced in hepatic cells and secreted into gallbladder for storage
- Removal can increase risk for type 1 diabetes (If pt already has type 2)
Bilirubin -Answer - Pigment from breakdown of Hb
- Manufactured in bone marrow cells and in liver as the end product of RBC
- Insoluble in water, bound to albumin for transport to liver
- Reduced to stercobilinogen = makes stool colour
- High levels can cause jaundice
