NURS 4500 MIDTERM (need to know) Exam With
Complete Solutions
Fetal Development 3 Stages
1. pre-embryonic stage
2. embryonic stage
3. fetal stage
Pre-Embryonic Stage
=fertilization ----> end of 2nd week
-includes fertilization-> cleavage-> morula-> blastocyst-> implantation
During the Pre-embryonic stage what is the purpose of the yolk sac?
Provides nutrients and oxygen
Embryonic Stage
=weeks 3-->8
Embryonic Stage week 3
primitive heart begins to beat
Embryonic stage week 4
yolk sac folds into digestive tract
Embryonic stage week 5
connecting stalk is compressed and forms the umbilical cord
The embryonic stage is a very sensitive time for _____________ to occur
malformation
What is developed within the fetus during the embryonic stage
basic structures of major body organs and main external features are developed
Fetal Stage
,=week 9-> birth
- refinement of the structure and function of organ systems
At what stage of development are teratogens the least damaging?
pre-embryonic stage
Presumptive Signs of Pregnancy?
=pts subjective symptoms
e.g. amenorrhea, breast tenderness, N+V, urinary frequency
Probable Signs of Pregnancy?
=objective signs that can be assessed by the provider
- includes physical assessment finding
e.g. +pregnancy test, uterine enlargement, hegar sign, Goodells signs, chadwicks signs
Positive Signs of Pregnancy
=signs of pregnancy that can only be positive it there is a fetus present
e.g. FHR auscultation, fetal movement, u/s of fetus
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy
VS Changes
- BP decrease
- HR increase
N+V
urinary frequency normal
Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy: CV Changes
→ as estrogen rises.
- stimulates fluid reabsorption
- increase fluid volume
- increase RV stretch
- increase HR
→ progesterone lowers----> decrease BP
, →utereine growth
- edema, varicose veins
Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy: Respiratory Changes
- 40% increase in tidal volume by the end of T1, increase in O2 consumption and CO2
production
- brainstem increase the rate and depth of resp
- growing uterus/ diaphragm puts pressure on lungs which can lead to atelectasis
- can result in chronic mild resp alkalosis
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy: Renal and Urinary Changes
- progesterone increase vasodilation of afferent arteriole which increase GFR
- results in increase urine production and increase volume in ureter and nephron
- progesterone also decreases ureter mobility-- risk of bacterial colonization, UTI,
nephritis
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy: GI Changes
Progesterone decreases smooth muscle tone.
- decrease GI motility
- decrease closure of LES
- increase gastric pressure
- increase gastric reflux and constipation
How do we prevent the use of laxatives, what can we encourage as nurses?
increase fluids, increase fibre, move body
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy: Gallbladder
- progesterone decrease gallbladder motility which can lead to bile stagnation
- increase estrogen can increase cholesterol which increases chance of gallstone
formation
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy: Hematological Changes
- 40-50% increase in plasma volume
- 20-30% increase in RBC
Complete Solutions
Fetal Development 3 Stages
1. pre-embryonic stage
2. embryonic stage
3. fetal stage
Pre-Embryonic Stage
=fertilization ----> end of 2nd week
-includes fertilization-> cleavage-> morula-> blastocyst-> implantation
During the Pre-embryonic stage what is the purpose of the yolk sac?
Provides nutrients and oxygen
Embryonic Stage
=weeks 3-->8
Embryonic Stage week 3
primitive heart begins to beat
Embryonic stage week 4
yolk sac folds into digestive tract
Embryonic stage week 5
connecting stalk is compressed and forms the umbilical cord
The embryonic stage is a very sensitive time for _____________ to occur
malformation
What is developed within the fetus during the embryonic stage
basic structures of major body organs and main external features are developed
Fetal Stage
,=week 9-> birth
- refinement of the structure and function of organ systems
At what stage of development are teratogens the least damaging?
pre-embryonic stage
Presumptive Signs of Pregnancy?
=pts subjective symptoms
e.g. amenorrhea, breast tenderness, N+V, urinary frequency
Probable Signs of Pregnancy?
=objective signs that can be assessed by the provider
- includes physical assessment finding
e.g. +pregnancy test, uterine enlargement, hegar sign, Goodells signs, chadwicks signs
Positive Signs of Pregnancy
=signs of pregnancy that can only be positive it there is a fetus present
e.g. FHR auscultation, fetal movement, u/s of fetus
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy
VS Changes
- BP decrease
- HR increase
N+V
urinary frequency normal
Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy: CV Changes
→ as estrogen rises.
- stimulates fluid reabsorption
- increase fluid volume
- increase RV stretch
- increase HR
→ progesterone lowers----> decrease BP
, →utereine growth
- edema, varicose veins
Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy: Respiratory Changes
- 40% increase in tidal volume by the end of T1, increase in O2 consumption and CO2
production
- brainstem increase the rate and depth of resp
- growing uterus/ diaphragm puts pressure on lungs which can lead to atelectasis
- can result in chronic mild resp alkalosis
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy: Renal and Urinary Changes
- progesterone increase vasodilation of afferent arteriole which increase GFR
- results in increase urine production and increase volume in ureter and nephron
- progesterone also decreases ureter mobility-- risk of bacterial colonization, UTI,
nephritis
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy: GI Changes
Progesterone decreases smooth muscle tone.
- decrease GI motility
- decrease closure of LES
- increase gastric pressure
- increase gastric reflux and constipation
How do we prevent the use of laxatives, what can we encourage as nurses?
increase fluids, increase fibre, move body
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy: Gallbladder
- progesterone decrease gallbladder motility which can lead to bile stagnation
- increase estrogen can increase cholesterol which increases chance of gallstone
formation
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy: Hematological Changes
- 40-50% increase in plasma volume
- 20-30% increase in RBC
