NURS4500 Cardiology Exam With Complete Solution 2024-2025
Blood flow through the heart - Answer IVC & SVC →Right atrium→ tricuspid valve → right
ventricle → pulmonary artery → capillary beds of the lungs → pulmonary veins → left
atrium → mitral valve → ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body
AV valves - Answer tricuspid and mitral
Semilunar valves - Answer Pulmonary and aortic valves
Blood flow for the valves - Answer TPMA (toilet paper my ass)
2 types of cardiac cells - Answer Nodal cells: carry the electrical current
The AV node slows down the current
Cardiomyocytes: What contracts the heart
CO equation - Answer HR x SV
determinants of stroke volume (3) - Answer Contractility, preload, afterload
Contractility - Answer greater the stretch the greater the force generated
Preload - Volume amount in the ventricles at the end of diastole=amount of blood
returning to the right atrium (DBP)
Afterload - Tension that the ventricle must overcome to pump blood forward. (SBP).
, MAP formula - MAP: SBP + (2*DBP)/ 3
Atrial repolarization occurs during? - During the QRS complex and the depolarization of
the ventricles at the same time
Assessment review ANSWER VS, IPAP, skin color/ temp (warm is high CO and cool is
low CO), edema, med/sx history (pacemakers), JVD, pulse assessment, auscultation
Rightsided HF ANSWER Fatigue, increased peripheral venous pressure, ascites,
enlarged liver and spleen, JVD, anorexia & GI distress, swelling in hands and fingers,
dependent edema
Left-sided failure HF - Answer blood is backing up into the lungs: nocturnal dyspnea,
elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, pulmonary congestion (cough,
crackles, wheezes, blood-tinged sputum, tachypnea), restlessness, confusion,
orthopnea, tachycardia, exertional dyspnea, fatigue, cyanosis
ACE (-prils) - Answer Inhibits or blocks the action of RAAS. reduces the progression of
HF.
Side effects: orthostatic hypotension. Dry cough.
Contraindications: renal impairment, angioedema.
ARBs (-sartan) - Answer Inhibits or blocks the action of RAAS. reduces the progression
of HF.
Vasodialoator. Reduces mortality after MI, and helps prevent strokes. Used if pt intol to
ACEs.
Side effects: hypotension, angioedema. Contraindication- hx of angioedema.
Beta-blockers (-olol) - Answer Decreases workload, HR, vasodilated
Uses: stable angina, HTN, tachycardia/ tachydysrhythmias, MI, HF
Side effects: bradycardia, hypotension, decreased CO.
Blood flow through the heart - Answer IVC & SVC →Right atrium→ tricuspid valve → right
ventricle → pulmonary artery → capillary beds of the lungs → pulmonary veins → left
atrium → mitral valve → ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body
AV valves - Answer tricuspid and mitral
Semilunar valves - Answer Pulmonary and aortic valves
Blood flow for the valves - Answer TPMA (toilet paper my ass)
2 types of cardiac cells - Answer Nodal cells: carry the electrical current
The AV node slows down the current
Cardiomyocytes: What contracts the heart
CO equation - Answer HR x SV
determinants of stroke volume (3) - Answer Contractility, preload, afterload
Contractility - Answer greater the stretch the greater the force generated
Preload - Volume amount in the ventricles at the end of diastole=amount of blood
returning to the right atrium (DBP)
Afterload - Tension that the ventricle must overcome to pump blood forward. (SBP).
, MAP formula - MAP: SBP + (2*DBP)/ 3
Atrial repolarization occurs during? - During the QRS complex and the depolarization of
the ventricles at the same time
Assessment review ANSWER VS, IPAP, skin color/ temp (warm is high CO and cool is
low CO), edema, med/sx history (pacemakers), JVD, pulse assessment, auscultation
Rightsided HF ANSWER Fatigue, increased peripheral venous pressure, ascites,
enlarged liver and spleen, JVD, anorexia & GI distress, swelling in hands and fingers,
dependent edema
Left-sided failure HF - Answer blood is backing up into the lungs: nocturnal dyspnea,
elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, pulmonary congestion (cough,
crackles, wheezes, blood-tinged sputum, tachypnea), restlessness, confusion,
orthopnea, tachycardia, exertional dyspnea, fatigue, cyanosis
ACE (-prils) - Answer Inhibits or blocks the action of RAAS. reduces the progression of
HF.
Side effects: orthostatic hypotension. Dry cough.
Contraindications: renal impairment, angioedema.
ARBs (-sartan) - Answer Inhibits or blocks the action of RAAS. reduces the progression
of HF.
Vasodialoator. Reduces mortality after MI, and helps prevent strokes. Used if pt intol to
ACEs.
Side effects: hypotension, angioedema. Contraindication- hx of angioedema.
Beta-blockers (-olol) - Answer Decreases workload, HR, vasodilated
Uses: stable angina, HTN, tachycardia/ tachydysrhythmias, MI, HF
Side effects: bradycardia, hypotension, decreased CO.
