NURS8024 - Module 1 questions with
answers
Pharmacokinetics vs pharmacodynamics - ANSWERS✔✔ Kinetics - discipline
that studies the absorption, distribution, metabolism & elimination of drugs
"what the body does to the drug"
Dynamics - the actions of the chemical on the organism
"what the drug does to the body"
Pharmacogenomics - ANSWERS✔✔ genetic variations that cause differences
in drug responses among individuals or populations
Pharmacologic agonist vs antagonist - ANSWERS✔✔ agonist - activates the
receptor, directly or indirectly causing an effect
antagonist - competes with other molecules and prevents binding, inhibits
What is a pro-drug? - ANSWERS✔✔ an inactive precursor chemical that must
be absorbed, distributed, and converted to the active form of the drug bu
biologic processes
Describe the fundamental pathway of drugs. - ANSWERS✔✔ ADMA
Absorption - entray of drug into plasma
,Distribution - leaves bloodstream and distributes to interstitial and
intracellular fluids
Metabolism - drug must be metabolized via the liver, kidney, or other tissue
Elimination - drug metabolites must be eliminated from the body (urine,
feces, bile, air, sweat, milk)
Describe the two main routes of drug administration. - ANSWERS✔✔ enteral -
oral/rectal (mot common, easiest, cheapest)
absorption pathways are complicated, first pass metabolism can limit
systemic drug amount, influenced by foods and other drugs
parenteral - IV, IM, SubQ
more control over drug dose, directly into systemic circulation, bypasses first
pass effect, rapid onset of action, infection risk, cannot "take it back"
Describe other routes of drug admin. - ANSWERS✔✔ inhalation (rapid
delivery, large surface area), nasal, intrathecal/intraventricular, topical,
transdermal, rectal (diminished first pass effect)
Describe methods of drug transport. - ANSWERS✔✔ passive diffusion - moves
from higher to lower concentration
active transport - energy dependent, can move from lower to higher conc
endocytosis - large size molecules, engulfment by cell membrane
, Describe factors affecting drug absorption and distribution. - ANSWERS✔✔
chemical properties - solubility, chemical natural (pH and pKa), molecular
weight, and partition coefficient
Describe factors influencing GI absorption of drugs. - ANSWERS✔✔ blood flow
(> in intestines vs stomach = more intestinal absorption)
pH - some drugs like acid, some like base
intestinal surface area (microvilli)
contact time with absorptive surfaces (rapid vs slow GI transit, delayed
absorption with food, PNS and SNS input)
Describe bioavailability as it relates to drugs. - ANSWERS✔✔ only a fraction
of chemically unchanged drug reaches the systemic circulation
influenced by: first pass metabolism, solubility, chemical instability, and the
nature of the drug
Describe the first pass effect. - ANSWERS✔✔ drugs absorbed across the GI
tract enter the portal circulation
if the drug undergoes rapid metabolism by the liver, there is a decreased
amount of active (unchanged) drug that will enter the systemic circulation
Describe solubility as it relates to bioavailability. - ANSWERS✔✔ hydrophilic
drugs are poorly absorbed (cannot cross lipid cell membrane)
hydrophobic drugs (lipophilic) can be easily transported
answers
Pharmacokinetics vs pharmacodynamics - ANSWERS✔✔ Kinetics - discipline
that studies the absorption, distribution, metabolism & elimination of drugs
"what the body does to the drug"
Dynamics - the actions of the chemical on the organism
"what the drug does to the body"
Pharmacogenomics - ANSWERS✔✔ genetic variations that cause differences
in drug responses among individuals or populations
Pharmacologic agonist vs antagonist - ANSWERS✔✔ agonist - activates the
receptor, directly or indirectly causing an effect
antagonist - competes with other molecules and prevents binding, inhibits
What is a pro-drug? - ANSWERS✔✔ an inactive precursor chemical that must
be absorbed, distributed, and converted to the active form of the drug bu
biologic processes
Describe the fundamental pathway of drugs. - ANSWERS✔✔ ADMA
Absorption - entray of drug into plasma
,Distribution - leaves bloodstream and distributes to interstitial and
intracellular fluids
Metabolism - drug must be metabolized via the liver, kidney, or other tissue
Elimination - drug metabolites must be eliminated from the body (urine,
feces, bile, air, sweat, milk)
Describe the two main routes of drug administration. - ANSWERS✔✔ enteral -
oral/rectal (mot common, easiest, cheapest)
absorption pathways are complicated, first pass metabolism can limit
systemic drug amount, influenced by foods and other drugs
parenteral - IV, IM, SubQ
more control over drug dose, directly into systemic circulation, bypasses first
pass effect, rapid onset of action, infection risk, cannot "take it back"
Describe other routes of drug admin. - ANSWERS✔✔ inhalation (rapid
delivery, large surface area), nasal, intrathecal/intraventricular, topical,
transdermal, rectal (diminished first pass effect)
Describe methods of drug transport. - ANSWERS✔✔ passive diffusion - moves
from higher to lower concentration
active transport - energy dependent, can move from lower to higher conc
endocytosis - large size molecules, engulfment by cell membrane
, Describe factors affecting drug absorption and distribution. - ANSWERS✔✔
chemical properties - solubility, chemical natural (pH and pKa), molecular
weight, and partition coefficient
Describe factors influencing GI absorption of drugs. - ANSWERS✔✔ blood flow
(> in intestines vs stomach = more intestinal absorption)
pH - some drugs like acid, some like base
intestinal surface area (microvilli)
contact time with absorptive surfaces (rapid vs slow GI transit, delayed
absorption with food, PNS and SNS input)
Describe bioavailability as it relates to drugs. - ANSWERS✔✔ only a fraction
of chemically unchanged drug reaches the systemic circulation
influenced by: first pass metabolism, solubility, chemical instability, and the
nature of the drug
Describe the first pass effect. - ANSWERS✔✔ drugs absorbed across the GI
tract enter the portal circulation
if the drug undergoes rapid metabolism by the liver, there is a decreased
amount of active (unchanged) drug that will enter the systemic circulation
Describe solubility as it relates to bioavailability. - ANSWERS✔✔ hydrophilic
drugs are poorly absorbed (cannot cross lipid cell membrane)
hydrophobic drugs (lipophilic) can be easily transported
