NURB 3050 Final Exam Study
Guide
Edema - Answer an excess of fluid in the interstitial compartment, which causes a
swelling or enlargement of tissues
Prolonged edema interferes with - Answer venous return, arterial circulation, and cell
function
Causes of edema - Answer 1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2. decreased plasma osmotic pressure in the capillaries
3. lymphatic obstruction
4. increased capillary pearmeability
Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure - Answer -equivalent to higher blood pressure
-forces excessive fluid out of capillary into tissue
Hypervolemia - Answer increased blood volume cause by kidney failure, pregnancy, and
CHF
Decreased Plasma Osmotic Pressure in the Capillaries - Answer -loss of plasma
proteins
Lymphatic obstruction - Answer - tumor or infection damages a lymph node or lymph
node is removed
-cannot circulate lymph fluid
Increased Capillary Permeability - Answer - results from an inflammatory response,
bacterial toxins, burn or wound infections
Effects of Edema - Answer -localized swelling
- redness or pale
-pain
-pitting edema
-weight gain
-headache
,-functional impairment
-impaired arterial circulation
- susceptible to tissue breakdown
-high BP
Dehyrdration - Answer insufficient body fluid resulting from either inadequate intake or
excessive loss of fluids, or a combination of both
-measured by change in weight
hypovolemia - Answer loss of fluids in the vascular compartment (bloodstream)
Causes of dehydration - Answer -vomiting and diarrhea
-excessive sweating
-GI suction
-DKA
-insufficient water intake
-use of concentrated formula for infants
diabetic ketoacidosis - Answer insufficient insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels
and mobilization of lipids
effects of dehydration - Answer dry mucous membrane
decreased skin turgor
Low BP, weak pulse
fatigue
increased hematocrit
decreasing mental function
confusion & loss of conciousness
turgor - Answer elasticity
hematocrit - Answer percentage of red blood cells in volume of blood
body compensated for dehydration by - Answer increasing thirst
increasing heart rate
constricting cutaneous blood vessels
, producing less urine
Third spacing - Answer fluids shifting out of the body into a body cavity or tissue where it
is no longer available as circulating fluid
- shift causes a fluid deficit in vascular compartment (hypovolemia) and fluid excess in
the interstitial space
Hyponatremia - Answer -deficit of sodium
- caused by early chronic renal failure, sweating, vomiting and diarrhea, diuretics (fluid
pills), hormonal imbalances, excessive water intake
effects of hyponatremia - Answer anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue, lethargy, muscle
weakness, headache, confusion, seizure, decreased BP, impaired nerve conduction,
hypovolemia
hypernatremia - Answer increased amount of sodium
-caused by large amount of sodium intake, insufficient ADH, loss of thirst, watery
diarrhea, prolonged periods of respiration
effects of hypernatremia - Answer weakness, agitation, firm subcutaneous cells,
increased thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output
Hypokalemia - Answer deficient potassium levels
-caused by: diarrhea, diuresis associated w/ diuretic drugs, excessive hormones that
regulate electrolytes(aldosterone or glucocorticoids), decreased dietary intake
(alcoholism, eating disorders, starvation), treatment of DKA w/ insulin
effects of hypokalemia - Answer cardiac dysrhythmias leading to cardiac arrest,
interferes w/ neuromuscular function, fatigue, nausea, muscle weakness, parethesias,
decreased appetite (anorexia), shallow breaths, polyuria, impaired renal function
Hyperkalemia - Answer excessive potassium levels
-caused by kidney failure, deficit of aldosterone, use of "potassium-sparing" drugs
(diuretics), prolonged acidosis,
crash injuries/burns (leakage of potassium out of cells into blood)
effects of hyperkalemia - Answer cardiac dysrhythmias that leads to cardiac arrest,
muscle weakness to paralysis, impairment of neuromuscular activity, fatigue, nausea,
parathesias
hypocalcemia - Answer deficit in calcium levels
-caused by hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndrome, deficient serum albumin,
increased serum pH
Guide
Edema - Answer an excess of fluid in the interstitial compartment, which causes a
swelling or enlargement of tissues
Prolonged edema interferes with - Answer venous return, arterial circulation, and cell
function
Causes of edema - Answer 1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2. decreased plasma osmotic pressure in the capillaries
3. lymphatic obstruction
4. increased capillary pearmeability
Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure - Answer -equivalent to higher blood pressure
-forces excessive fluid out of capillary into tissue
Hypervolemia - Answer increased blood volume cause by kidney failure, pregnancy, and
CHF
Decreased Plasma Osmotic Pressure in the Capillaries - Answer -loss of plasma
proteins
Lymphatic obstruction - Answer - tumor or infection damages a lymph node or lymph
node is removed
-cannot circulate lymph fluid
Increased Capillary Permeability - Answer - results from an inflammatory response,
bacterial toxins, burn or wound infections
Effects of Edema - Answer -localized swelling
- redness or pale
-pain
-pitting edema
-weight gain
-headache
,-functional impairment
-impaired arterial circulation
- susceptible to tissue breakdown
-high BP
Dehyrdration - Answer insufficient body fluid resulting from either inadequate intake or
excessive loss of fluids, or a combination of both
-measured by change in weight
hypovolemia - Answer loss of fluids in the vascular compartment (bloodstream)
Causes of dehydration - Answer -vomiting and diarrhea
-excessive sweating
-GI suction
-DKA
-insufficient water intake
-use of concentrated formula for infants
diabetic ketoacidosis - Answer insufficient insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels
and mobilization of lipids
effects of dehydration - Answer dry mucous membrane
decreased skin turgor
Low BP, weak pulse
fatigue
increased hematocrit
decreasing mental function
confusion & loss of conciousness
turgor - Answer elasticity
hematocrit - Answer percentage of red blood cells in volume of blood
body compensated for dehydration by - Answer increasing thirst
increasing heart rate
constricting cutaneous blood vessels
, producing less urine
Third spacing - Answer fluids shifting out of the body into a body cavity or tissue where it
is no longer available as circulating fluid
- shift causes a fluid deficit in vascular compartment (hypovolemia) and fluid excess in
the interstitial space
Hyponatremia - Answer -deficit of sodium
- caused by early chronic renal failure, sweating, vomiting and diarrhea, diuretics (fluid
pills), hormonal imbalances, excessive water intake
effects of hyponatremia - Answer anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue, lethargy, muscle
weakness, headache, confusion, seizure, decreased BP, impaired nerve conduction,
hypovolemia
hypernatremia - Answer increased amount of sodium
-caused by large amount of sodium intake, insufficient ADH, loss of thirst, watery
diarrhea, prolonged periods of respiration
effects of hypernatremia - Answer weakness, agitation, firm subcutaneous cells,
increased thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output
Hypokalemia - Answer deficient potassium levels
-caused by: diarrhea, diuresis associated w/ diuretic drugs, excessive hormones that
regulate electrolytes(aldosterone or glucocorticoids), decreased dietary intake
(alcoholism, eating disorders, starvation), treatment of DKA w/ insulin
effects of hypokalemia - Answer cardiac dysrhythmias leading to cardiac arrest,
interferes w/ neuromuscular function, fatigue, nausea, muscle weakness, parethesias,
decreased appetite (anorexia), shallow breaths, polyuria, impaired renal function
Hyperkalemia - Answer excessive potassium levels
-caused by kidney failure, deficit of aldosterone, use of "potassium-sparing" drugs
(diuretics), prolonged acidosis,
crash injuries/burns (leakage of potassium out of cells into blood)
effects of hyperkalemia - Answer cardiac dysrhythmias that leads to cardiac arrest,
muscle weakness to paralysis, impairment of neuromuscular activity, fatigue, nausea,
parathesias
hypocalcemia - Answer deficit in calcium levels
-caused by hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndrome, deficient serum albumin,
increased serum pH
