WGU D265

WGU D265 Exam Complete Questions and Answers || Already Graded A+ Propositions - ANSWER statements that can be true or false Simple propositions - ANSWER true or false based on how the world is complex propositions - ANSWER true or false based on whether the simple propositions that make them up are true or false Arguments - ANSWER composed of premises and conclusions premises - ANSWER propositions that are supposed to support the conclusion deductive arguments - ANSWER supposed to guarantee their conclusions inductive arguments - ANSWER supposed to make their conclusions probable principle of charity - ANSWER to interpret others' arguments in the best possible light valid deductive argument - ANSWER such that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true sound argument - ANSWER argument that is valid and has true premises strong inductive argument - ANSWER such that if the premises are true then the conclusion is probably true cogent argument - ANSWER strong argument with true premises fallacy - ANSWER bad type of argument formal fallacies - ANSWER bad structure of argument informal fallacies - ANSWER argument with problem of the content credible source - ANSWER identify author, publisher, compare to other sites to find the closest information to the truth confirmation bias - ANSWER natural tendency to seek out evidence that supports personal beliefs and to ignore evidence that gets in the way of those beliefs cognitive bias - ANSWER systematic way in which people categorize and make sense of the world to make judgements and decisions heuristics - ANSWER rule of thumb, ready strategy, shortcut representativeness heuristic - ANSWER cognitive bias in which an individual categorizes a new situation based on the nearest prototype or experience in their mind availability heuristic - ANSWER cognitive bias in which an individual takes available information while not considering unknown information resulting in a person to jump to conclusions selection bias - ANSWER when a sample we generalize from isn't large enough or representative of the total population selective reporting - ANSWER occurs when the same data is reported in different ways to achieve rhetorical goals system 1 thinking - ANSWER quick, automatic, and emotional thinking system 2 thinking - ANSWER deliberate, effortful, and calculating thinking ad hominem - ANSWER one attacks the person making an argument rather than the argument itself genetic fallacy - ANSWER one argues that the origin of an idea is a reason for rejecting (or accepting) that idea straw figure - ANSWER one misrepresents another argument then attacks the misrepresented (weaker) argument rather than the actual (stronger) argument red herring - ANSWER one introduces an irrelevant topic appeal to authority - ANSWER one uses an unqualified authority in support of ones claim appeal to force - ANSWER one uses a threat to compel agreement with ones claim appeal to popularity - ANSWER one appeals to the popularity of a belief as a reason not affirm its truth fallacy of equivocation - ANSWER ones argument mistakenly uses the same word in two different senses false dilemma fallacy - ANSWER one presumes that there are fewer options than there actually are begging the question - ANSWER circular argument in which a premise of the argument presumes the truth of the conclusion burden of proof - ANSWER one presumes that ones implausible claim is justified unless someone else demonstrates otherwise appeal to ignorance - ANSWER committed when one reasons from our lack of knowledge that a claim is (true) or false to assertion that the claim is true (or false) slippery slope - ANSWER committed when one argues without sufficient reason, that one event will lead to a series of events that ultimately ends in some further disastrous event texas sharpshooter - ANSWER selectively uses ("cherry picks" only the evidence that supports ones desired conclusion post hoc fallacy - ANSWER one claims that some event causes another just because the first event occurs before the second event hasty generalization - ANSWER one generalizes too quickly about a group of people, things, or events argument maps - ANSWER analyze an arguments structure good argument - ANSWER series of topics or terms that are linked together in the right way Ad hominem attack - ANSWER when someone attacks the arguer instead of the argument Genetic Fallacy - ANSWER A conclusion is based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature, or worth. Straw Figure Fallacy - ANSWER misrepresenting opposing views in a manner that makes them easier to refute RED HERRING - ANSWER A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion Appeal to Unqualified Authority - ANSWER Relies on the opinions of people who have no expertise, training, or knowledge relevant to the issue at hand. appeal to force fallacy - ANSWER persuade by threat of force rather than providing sound reasons ad populum - ANSWER bandwagon appeal Appeal to Consequences - ANSWER an attempt to motivate belief with an appeal either to the good consequences of believing or the bad consequences of disbelieving Equovication - ANSWER occurs when a key term or phrase in an argument is used in an ambiguous way, with one meaning in one portion of the argument and then another meaning in another portion of the argumenT APPEAL TO IGNORANCE - ANSWER must be true becUAE THERE IS No evidence against it Slippery Slope - ANSWER A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy - ANSWER Cherry-picking data clusters to suit an argument, or finding a pattern to fit a presumption. post hoc ergo propter hoc - ANSWER improperly assuming that a sequence in time implies a cause and effect. (player didnt play bad because i bought jersey) Hasty Gerneralization - ANSWER drawing a conclusion about an entire group based on an undersized sample false dilema/black and white - ANSWER occurs when an argument contains a "false dichotomy," or a disjunction that does not exhaust all of the possible options Begging the QUESTION - ANSWER CIRCULAR LOGIC X IS Y SO Y IS X BURDEN SHIFTING - ANSWER MAIKNG SOMBODY ELSE PROVE YOU CORECT EVEN THOUGH YOU ALREADY HAVE THE PROOF THE Fallacy fallacy - ANSWER You presumed that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that the claim itself must be wrong. Modus Ponens - ANSWER #1 Valid deductive If A, then B. A. So, B. If I'm a cat, then I'm furry. I'm a cat. Therefore, I'm furry Affirming the Consequent - ANSWER #2 invalid deductive if a, then b. b. so, a. If I'm a cat, then I'm furry. I'm furry. Therefore, I'm a cat Modus Tollens - ANSWER #3 VALID DEDUCTIVE If A, then B. Not B. So, not A.