DPR Exam 1 Review Questions And Answers Latest Updates

Draw an AP tracing against time. Describe the phases. Be sure to include a description of all the components (ion channels) responsible for these phases, and also be sure to appropriately label the graph (phases and axis labels) - ️️*Draw the AP graph and label 1) resting state: Cell more negative inside, higher concentration of K+ inside, Na+ outside. This si the cell during the absecene of an AP.The Na+ and K+ channels are closed. 2) Depolarization:A stimulus opens some sodium channels. Na+ flows through depolarizing the membrane. If the depolarization reaches the threshold it causes an AP 3) Rising phase of the AP: Depolarization opens most Na+ v channels, K+ channels remain closed, Na+ influx makes the inside of the membrane more positive with respect to the outside 4)Falling phase: most Na+ channels become inactivated, most K+ channels open causing K+ outflow, making the inside of the cell negative again 5) Undershoot: The Na+ channels are closed,but some K+ channels still open. As these K+ channels close the NA+ becomes unblocked (still closed, and the membrane returns to its resting state 1) Resting state repeated provide context for your answer. - ️️SSRI's increase the amount of synaptic 5-HT available for binding on the the 5HT-1a receptors by blocking reuptake. Initially this causes more anxiety as the SSRI acts on the 5HT receptors. These presynaptic receptors form an inhibitory feedback loop. In the presence of increased 5HT, there is a decrease in the firing rate of these serotanergic neurons. These cells ultimately correct themselves tho, to eventually maintain their baseline firing rate. They achieve this by eliminating the amount of receptors on the presynaptic cell. These then return to baseline firing in conjunction with the increased amount of 5HT at the synapses and the post-synaptic cells are now able to receive appropriate firing and 5HT, therefore reducing overall anxiety. This nuerocellular process explains the delayed initial efficacy of SSRI treatment of anxiety. Sodium channels on the axon involved in the action potential can open - ️️All of the above -in response to ligand binding - in response to changes in voltage at the membrane - in response to metabotropic reception activationThe Central Dogma states - ️️Genes on DNA are translated to a protein folded to there tertiary structure with chaperone proteins The outward appearance of an organism, resulting from the genotype plus the environment is referred to as the - ️️Phenotype An SNP is - ️️All of the above... -A single nucleotide polymorphism -Useful in a linkage study - may or may not be the cause of a disease What process the occurs during meosis that allows to identify the relative location of genes or polymorphisms on a chromosomes? - ️️Recombination The resting potential of a neuron is generated/ maintained primarily by the - ️️the sodium potassium pump Voltage gated sodium channels - ️️open quickly with depolarization and then inactivate Which ion, when an ion channel specific to it has been opened, will move against its electrical gradient? - ️️Mg++ Voltage gated potassium channels are responsible for - ️️repolarizing the membrane during an action potential Which ion is more concentrated on the intracellular side of the membrane? - ️️potassium Describe the triplastic effect of SSRI when used to treat anxiety. Beside to describe the receptor systems involved, and how they are related to anxiety in a general sense to If an ion channel specific to it were opened, in which direction would calcium flow? - ️️From the outside to the inside of the cell What brain regions are most involved in the CS-US association in auditory fear conditioning ? - ️️Lateral amgydala Which ion is most related to neurotransmitter release - ️️Calcium Which receptor is closely related to anxiety? - ️️the 5HT-1a receptor Activation of the 5HT-1a receptor with a serotonin agonist has what effect on anxiety ? - ️️It increases itWhich is a way that the synapse may adjust to compensate for over stimulation to make the synapse less sensitive? - ️️Receptor internalization