PSY 203—Study Guide Exam 2 (Ch. 5-8)
Questions And All Correct Answers.
Piaget's Stage of Cognitive Development: Pre-operational intelligence, egocentrism, and irreversibility. Be
able to apply with examples. - Answer -Pre-operational: cognitive development between the ages of
about 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (which involve symbolic thought) object or word can
stand for something else, including something out of sight or imagined.
-Egocentrism: children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.
-Irreversibility: young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it
was before a change occurred.
Brain development and associated abilities: Myelination, Prefrontal cortex, Corpus callosum, the
amygdala. Be able to apply to examples. - Answer - A gradual increase in myelination makes 5-year-olds
much quicker at thinking than 3-year-olds, who is quicker than toddlers.
-From ages 2 to 6, maturation of the prefrontal cortex has several notable benefits. As uncontrollable
laughter and tears are less common, sleep is regularly, and emotions become more nuanced and
responsive
-The Corpus callosum is the part of the brain that grows and myelinates rapidly during early childhood.
Consists of a band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right sides of the brain. young children
become much better at coordinating the two sides of their brains and, hence, both sides of their bodies.
They can hop, skip, and gallop at age 6, unlike at age 2.
-the amygdala
Inside the brain—connected hemispheres: left and right brain specializations. - Answer The left half
controls the body's right side as well as areas dedicated to logic, detailed analysis, and language. The
brain's right half controls the body's left side and areas dedicated to emotional and creative impulses,
including appreciation of music, art, and poetry.
Research on child maltreatment and how it affects the developing brain. - Answer Studies of
maltreated children suggest that excessive stress-hormone levels in early childhood may permanently
damage brain pathways, blunting or accelerating emotions lifelong
, What are the 3 components of executive function? - Answer Usually, three components comprise
executive function: working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control—which is the ability to
focus on a task and ignore distractions.
Describe Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development—zone of proximal development. - Answer ZONE
OF PROXIMAL: intellectual arena that is comprised of skills—cognitive as well as physical—that a person
can learn with assistance.
What is meant by theory-theory? theory of mind? - Answer Theory-theory is the idea that children
naturally construct theories to explain whatever they see and hear. Theory of mind is the idea of what
other people might be thinking which is essential in communities that exchange information, ideas, and
POV. (points of view)
Language development: logical extension. Be able to apply to example. - Answer Closely related to fast-
mapping is a phenomenon called logical extension: After learning a word, children use it to describe
other objects in the same category.
Review the 5 specific strategies and experiences found to be effective for building literacy. - Answer -
Code-focused teaching. Before reading, children must "break the code" from spoken to written words.
That means connecting letters and sounds (e.g., "A, alligators all around" or "B is for baby").
-Book-reading. Vocabulary and print-awareness develop when adults read to children.
-Preschool programs. Children learn from teachers, songs, excursions, and other children.
-Parent education. Educated parents tend to be verbal parents who read books to their children and use
a rich vocabulary that expands the child's vocabulary.
-Language enhancement. Children who ask what a word means need someone to scaffold the
explanation. That requires mentors who understand each child's zone of proximal development.
Define grammar. - Answer grammar includes structures, techniques, and rules that communicate
meaning
What is emotional regulation? Be able to apply to example. - Answer Emotional Regulation- is the
ability to control when and how emotions are expressed.
Questions And All Correct Answers.
Piaget's Stage of Cognitive Development: Pre-operational intelligence, egocentrism, and irreversibility. Be
able to apply with examples. - Answer -Pre-operational: cognitive development between the ages of
about 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (which involve symbolic thought) object or word can
stand for something else, including something out of sight or imagined.
-Egocentrism: children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.
-Irreversibility: young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it
was before a change occurred.
Brain development and associated abilities: Myelination, Prefrontal cortex, Corpus callosum, the
amygdala. Be able to apply to examples. - Answer - A gradual increase in myelination makes 5-year-olds
much quicker at thinking than 3-year-olds, who is quicker than toddlers.
-From ages 2 to 6, maturation of the prefrontal cortex has several notable benefits. As uncontrollable
laughter and tears are less common, sleep is regularly, and emotions become more nuanced and
responsive
-The Corpus callosum is the part of the brain that grows and myelinates rapidly during early childhood.
Consists of a band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right sides of the brain. young children
become much better at coordinating the two sides of their brains and, hence, both sides of their bodies.
They can hop, skip, and gallop at age 6, unlike at age 2.
-the amygdala
Inside the brain—connected hemispheres: left and right brain specializations. - Answer The left half
controls the body's right side as well as areas dedicated to logic, detailed analysis, and language. The
brain's right half controls the body's left side and areas dedicated to emotional and creative impulses,
including appreciation of music, art, and poetry.
Research on child maltreatment and how it affects the developing brain. - Answer Studies of
maltreated children suggest that excessive stress-hormone levels in early childhood may permanently
damage brain pathways, blunting or accelerating emotions lifelong
, What are the 3 components of executive function? - Answer Usually, three components comprise
executive function: working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control—which is the ability to
focus on a task and ignore distractions.
Describe Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development—zone of proximal development. - Answer ZONE
OF PROXIMAL: intellectual arena that is comprised of skills—cognitive as well as physical—that a person
can learn with assistance.
What is meant by theory-theory? theory of mind? - Answer Theory-theory is the idea that children
naturally construct theories to explain whatever they see and hear. Theory of mind is the idea of what
other people might be thinking which is essential in communities that exchange information, ideas, and
POV. (points of view)
Language development: logical extension. Be able to apply to example. - Answer Closely related to fast-
mapping is a phenomenon called logical extension: After learning a word, children use it to describe
other objects in the same category.
Review the 5 specific strategies and experiences found to be effective for building literacy. - Answer -
Code-focused teaching. Before reading, children must "break the code" from spoken to written words.
That means connecting letters and sounds (e.g., "A, alligators all around" or "B is for baby").
-Book-reading. Vocabulary and print-awareness develop when adults read to children.
-Preschool programs. Children learn from teachers, songs, excursions, and other children.
-Parent education. Educated parents tend to be verbal parents who read books to their children and use
a rich vocabulary that expands the child's vocabulary.
-Language enhancement. Children who ask what a word means need someone to scaffold the
explanation. That requires mentors who understand each child's zone of proximal development.
Define grammar. - Answer grammar includes structures, techniques, and rules that communicate
meaning
What is emotional regulation? Be able to apply to example. - Answer Emotional Regulation- is the
ability to control when and how emotions are expressed.
