NU 317 EXAM 3 Guide With
Complete Solution
Hydronephrosis - ANSWER Distention or renal calyces and pelvis caused by
obstruction
Hydroureter - ANSWER dilation of the ureter caused by obstruction
dyuria - ANSWER painful/difficulty urinating
pyuria - ANSWER presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating
infection
risk factors for uti - ANSWER •Sexual activity
•Diabetes
•Poor hygiene
•BPH
•Recent catheterizations
Foreign objects such as contraceptive diaphragms
pathophysiology of uti - ANSWER •Bacteria enter the sterile bladder causing
inflammation
•Most common bacteria - E. Coli
,medical management for UTI - ANSWER •Antimicrobial therapy-
co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), nitrofurantoin,
ciprofloxacin and ampicillin
•Phenazopyridine- Relieves the pain, burning, and discomfort caused by
infection or irritation of the urinary tract. It is not an antibiotic.
Risk factors for Pyelonephritis - ANSWER •Multiple pre-existing U T I's
•Pregnancy
pathophysiology for UTIs - ANSWER •Inflammation of renal parenchyma and
urinary collecting system
clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis - ANSWER •Fever, chills, nausea,
vomiting
•Back or flank pain
•Costovertebral tenderness
•Enlarged kidneys
Treatment of pyelonephritis - ANSWER •Hospitalization
•Hydration
•Antibiotics
,diagnosis of pyelonphritis - ANSWER •Laboratory testing
•CT scan
•Ultrasound
risk factors of urolithiasis - ANSWER •Family history
•Industrialized countries- high dietary protein intake
pathophysiology of urolithiasis - ANSWER •Four main types of stones:
Calcium, Struvite, Uric and Cystine
•Spasms of the ureter occur because of obstruction of one of four sites
àshearing off of the ureteral mucosaà bleeding and build up of pressure and
spasms causing pain
clinical manifestations of urolithiasis - ANSWER •Severe pain when stone
lodges in ureter
•Gross hematuria
diagnosis of urolithiasis - ANSWER •UA
•Non-contrast stone survey C T scan
•Kidney ureter bladder (K U B) x-ray
, •US and MRI may be used
treatment of urolithiasis - ANSWER •50% pass spontaneously
•Increase hydration, Flomax (Tamsulosin)
•Pain control- opioids
surgical management of urolithiasis - ANSWER •Ureteroscopy
•Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
•HCTZ- limits calcium excretion into the urine
support for the passage of renal calculi - ANSWER Pain control, increased
fluid intake and Tamsulosin (Flomax) daily
asymptomatic bacteriuria - ANSWER •2 consecutive urine cultures > 100,000
bacteria
•No symptoms
•Occur most in older females
•By definition, asymptomatic bacteriuria is not an infection. In rare cases
where treatment is recommended— pregnant women and patients about to
undergo a urological procedure involving the mucosa—the prescription of
antibiotics should be considered prophylaxis against subsequent infection,
Complete Solution
Hydronephrosis - ANSWER Distention or renal calyces and pelvis caused by
obstruction
Hydroureter - ANSWER dilation of the ureter caused by obstruction
dyuria - ANSWER painful/difficulty urinating
pyuria - ANSWER presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating
infection
risk factors for uti - ANSWER •Sexual activity
•Diabetes
•Poor hygiene
•BPH
•Recent catheterizations
Foreign objects such as contraceptive diaphragms
pathophysiology of uti - ANSWER •Bacteria enter the sterile bladder causing
inflammation
•Most common bacteria - E. Coli
,medical management for UTI - ANSWER •Antimicrobial therapy-
co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), nitrofurantoin,
ciprofloxacin and ampicillin
•Phenazopyridine- Relieves the pain, burning, and discomfort caused by
infection or irritation of the urinary tract. It is not an antibiotic.
Risk factors for Pyelonephritis - ANSWER •Multiple pre-existing U T I's
•Pregnancy
pathophysiology for UTIs - ANSWER •Inflammation of renal parenchyma and
urinary collecting system
clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis - ANSWER •Fever, chills, nausea,
vomiting
•Back or flank pain
•Costovertebral tenderness
•Enlarged kidneys
Treatment of pyelonephritis - ANSWER •Hospitalization
•Hydration
•Antibiotics
,diagnosis of pyelonphritis - ANSWER •Laboratory testing
•CT scan
•Ultrasound
risk factors of urolithiasis - ANSWER •Family history
•Industrialized countries- high dietary protein intake
pathophysiology of urolithiasis - ANSWER •Four main types of stones:
Calcium, Struvite, Uric and Cystine
•Spasms of the ureter occur because of obstruction of one of four sites
àshearing off of the ureteral mucosaà bleeding and build up of pressure and
spasms causing pain
clinical manifestations of urolithiasis - ANSWER •Severe pain when stone
lodges in ureter
•Gross hematuria
diagnosis of urolithiasis - ANSWER •UA
•Non-contrast stone survey C T scan
•Kidney ureter bladder (K U B) x-ray
, •US and MRI may be used
treatment of urolithiasis - ANSWER •50% pass spontaneously
•Increase hydration, Flomax (Tamsulosin)
•Pain control- opioids
surgical management of urolithiasis - ANSWER •Ureteroscopy
•Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
•HCTZ- limits calcium excretion into the urine
support for the passage of renal calculi - ANSWER Pain control, increased
fluid intake and Tamsulosin (Flomax) daily
asymptomatic bacteriuria - ANSWER •2 consecutive urine cultures > 100,000
bacteria
•No symptoms
•Occur most in older females
•By definition, asymptomatic bacteriuria is not an infection. In rare cases
where treatment is recommended— pregnant women and patients about to
undergo a urological procedure involving the mucosa—the prescription of
antibiotics should be considered prophylaxis against subsequent infection,
