GMS6530 Final Exam Questions And Accurate Answers Graded A+
100% Pass Guaranteed 2024/2025
What is the pulse for young adult female - Answer 72-80
What is the pulse for young adult male - Answer 64-72
Does a fever increase or decrease heart rate - Answer increase
What does positive chronotropic agents mean - Answer factors that raise the heart rate
The ANS does NOT initiate the heart beat, but what can it control - Answer rhythm and
force
where in the brain are the cardiac centers located - Answer medulla oblongata
sympathetic postganglionic fibers are what and release what neurotransmitter - Answer
adrenergic and release norepinephrine
norepinephrine binds to what receptors in the heart - Answer beta-adrenergic receptors
once epinephrine binds to receptors in the heart, what second messenger does it
activate - Answer cAMP second-messenger system and then opening of Ca2+ channels
What is the effect of norepinephrine on the heart - Answer increases rate of contraction
and relaxation
Above what bpm does stroke volume and cardiac output begin to decline- Answer above
160
,What is the effect of PSNS on the heart- Answer cholinergic inhibitory effect
What type receptor does Ach bind- Answer muscarinic
Does the heart rate increase before or after metabolic demands arise-Answer before
what are proprioceptors - Answer tell us what position our body is in (standing up,
laying down)
which electrolyte has the greatest chronotropic effect - Answer K+
hyperkalemia on the heart - Answer excess K+
leaks into cardiocytes, HR slows, and is irregular
hypokalemia on the heart - Answer too little K+
cells hyperpolarized, need increased stimulation
hypercalcemia on the heart - Answer excess Ca2+
increase HR and contraction strength
hypernatremia on the heart - Answer excess Na+
increases HR
what 3 variables control stroke volume - Answer preload
afterload
contractility
does exercise increase or decrease venous return - Answer increase (ventricle gets
stretched)
what are positive inotropic agents for contractility - Answer hypercalcemia
, catecholamines (increase Ca2+ levels)
Digitalis (raises Ca2+ levels)
what are negative inotropic agents for contractility - Answer hypocalcemia (weak
heartbeat)
hyperkalemia (weak action potentials)
where does the largest part of afterload come from Answer BP in aorta and pulmonary
trunk
does hypertension increase of decrease afterload Answer increases
which is larger, vein or artery Answer veins
which has more smooth muscle, arteries or veins Answer arteries
what is the largest size of artery Answer conducting (elastic) arteries
aorta is example
do conducting arteries expand or contract during systole Answer expand
what is thickest layer in the smallest, resistance arteries - Answer tunica media (smooth
muscle)
do veins have thicker or thinner walls than arteries - Answer thinner
what is definition of perfusion - Answer the flow per given volume or mass of tissue in a
given time
at rest, what is flow equal to - Answer cardiac output
a blood pressure cuff measures the BP at what artery
Answer brachial artery
what is systolic pressure
Answer peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction (systole)
100% Pass Guaranteed 2024/2025
What is the pulse for young adult female - Answer 72-80
What is the pulse for young adult male - Answer 64-72
Does a fever increase or decrease heart rate - Answer increase
What does positive chronotropic agents mean - Answer factors that raise the heart rate
The ANS does NOT initiate the heart beat, but what can it control - Answer rhythm and
force
where in the brain are the cardiac centers located - Answer medulla oblongata
sympathetic postganglionic fibers are what and release what neurotransmitter - Answer
adrenergic and release norepinephrine
norepinephrine binds to what receptors in the heart - Answer beta-adrenergic receptors
once epinephrine binds to receptors in the heart, what second messenger does it
activate - Answer cAMP second-messenger system and then opening of Ca2+ channels
What is the effect of norepinephrine on the heart - Answer increases rate of contraction
and relaxation
Above what bpm does stroke volume and cardiac output begin to decline- Answer above
160
,What is the effect of PSNS on the heart- Answer cholinergic inhibitory effect
What type receptor does Ach bind- Answer muscarinic
Does the heart rate increase before or after metabolic demands arise-Answer before
what are proprioceptors - Answer tell us what position our body is in (standing up,
laying down)
which electrolyte has the greatest chronotropic effect - Answer K+
hyperkalemia on the heart - Answer excess K+
leaks into cardiocytes, HR slows, and is irregular
hypokalemia on the heart - Answer too little K+
cells hyperpolarized, need increased stimulation
hypercalcemia on the heart - Answer excess Ca2+
increase HR and contraction strength
hypernatremia on the heart - Answer excess Na+
increases HR
what 3 variables control stroke volume - Answer preload
afterload
contractility
does exercise increase or decrease venous return - Answer increase (ventricle gets
stretched)
what are positive inotropic agents for contractility - Answer hypercalcemia
, catecholamines (increase Ca2+ levels)
Digitalis (raises Ca2+ levels)
what are negative inotropic agents for contractility - Answer hypocalcemia (weak
heartbeat)
hyperkalemia (weak action potentials)
where does the largest part of afterload come from Answer BP in aorta and pulmonary
trunk
does hypertension increase of decrease afterload Answer increases
which is larger, vein or artery Answer veins
which has more smooth muscle, arteries or veins Answer arteries
what is the largest size of artery Answer conducting (elastic) arteries
aorta is example
do conducting arteries expand or contract during systole Answer expand
what is thickest layer in the smallest, resistance arteries - Answer tunica media (smooth
muscle)
do veins have thicker or thinner walls than arteries - Answer thinner
what is definition of perfusion - Answer the flow per given volume or mass of tissue in a
given time
at rest, what is flow equal to - Answer cardiac output
a blood pressure cuff measures the BP at what artery
Answer brachial artery
what is systolic pressure
Answer peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction (systole)
