FGCU Biology 2- Final Exam - Erdman
convergent evolution - unrelated or distantly related organisms evolve similar body forms,
coloration, organs, and adaptations
natural selection - the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to
survive and produce more offspring (acts on individuals but populations evolve)
Judeo- Christian perspective - The Creator: God made everything
Linnaeus - Binomial nomenclature and nested classification system
Cuvier - fossils in strata- catastrophism
Hutton and Lyell - gradualism and uniformitarianism- change via cumulative effect of slow but
continuous processes
Malthus - over production of offspring and the struggle to survive
Lamarck - first hypothesis on evolution: use and disuse, and inheritance of acquired
characteristics
Aristole - Scala Naturae- linear system
decent with modification - passing traits from parent to offspring
homology - same or similar relation
,biogeography - the branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and
animals
fossils - the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a
mold or cast in rock
population - group of the same species in given place and time that can interbreed and produce
fertile offspring, smallest unit of evolution
gene pool - consists of all alleles for all loci (specific location of gene on chromosome) in a
population
allele frequency - measure of relative frequency of an allele on a genetic locus in a population
(usually expressed as percentage)
Hardy-Weinberg Eqilibrium - 1. no mutation
2. natural selection not occurring
3. population is large
4. random mating
5. no gene flow
Hardy-Weingberg equation - p^2+2pq+q^2=1
p & q= homozygous
2pq= heterozygous
mutations - random change in nucleotide sequence of DNA that can be beneficial, neutral, or
harmful
gene flow - transfer between populations
, genetic drift - random changes in gene frequencies of small populations from generation to
generation
bottleneck effect - population undergoes drastic size reduction as a result of chance events
founder effect - a few individuals are isolated from a larger population
adaptive evolution - beneficial alleles "sorted" and favored by natural selection
stabilizing selection - favors intermediates
directional selection - favors single phenotype
disruptive selection - favors extremes
speciation - origin of new species
macroevolution - evolutionary change at or above species level over long periods of time
microevolution - change of allele frequencies in a population over time
allopatric speciation - gene flow interrupted or reduced when population divided into
geographically isolated subpopulations
sympatric speciation - occurs in geographically overlapping populations
adaptive radiation - rapid and frequent allopatric speciation following geographic and
reproductive isolation
convergent evolution - unrelated or distantly related organisms evolve similar body forms,
coloration, organs, and adaptations
natural selection - the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to
survive and produce more offspring (acts on individuals but populations evolve)
Judeo- Christian perspective - The Creator: God made everything
Linnaeus - Binomial nomenclature and nested classification system
Cuvier - fossils in strata- catastrophism
Hutton and Lyell - gradualism and uniformitarianism- change via cumulative effect of slow but
continuous processes
Malthus - over production of offspring and the struggle to survive
Lamarck - first hypothesis on evolution: use and disuse, and inheritance of acquired
characteristics
Aristole - Scala Naturae- linear system
decent with modification - passing traits from parent to offspring
homology - same or similar relation
,biogeography - the branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and
animals
fossils - the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a
mold or cast in rock
population - group of the same species in given place and time that can interbreed and produce
fertile offspring, smallest unit of evolution
gene pool - consists of all alleles for all loci (specific location of gene on chromosome) in a
population
allele frequency - measure of relative frequency of an allele on a genetic locus in a population
(usually expressed as percentage)
Hardy-Weinberg Eqilibrium - 1. no mutation
2. natural selection not occurring
3. population is large
4. random mating
5. no gene flow
Hardy-Weingberg equation - p^2+2pq+q^2=1
p & q= homozygous
2pq= heterozygous
mutations - random change in nucleotide sequence of DNA that can be beneficial, neutral, or
harmful
gene flow - transfer between populations
, genetic drift - random changes in gene frequencies of small populations from generation to
generation
bottleneck effect - population undergoes drastic size reduction as a result of chance events
founder effect - a few individuals are isolated from a larger population
adaptive evolution - beneficial alleles "sorted" and favored by natural selection
stabilizing selection - favors intermediates
directional selection - favors single phenotype
disruptive selection - favors extremes
speciation - origin of new species
macroevolution - evolutionary change at or above species level over long periods of time
microevolution - change of allele frequencies in a population over time
allopatric speciation - gene flow interrupted or reduced when population divided into
geographically isolated subpopulations
sympatric speciation - occurs in geographically overlapping populations
adaptive radiation - rapid and frequent allopatric speciation following geographic and
reproductive isolation
