Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Marieb and Hoehn 11th Edition
1. Organ: discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (usually all
four) that performs a specific function for the body
2. Tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
3. integumentary system: skin, hair, nails
4. skeletal system: Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework
the muscles use to support movement. Forms blood cells, stores minerals.
Made of bones and joints.
5. Muscular system: Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and
facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
6. nervous system: fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal
and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
7. endocrine system: Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as
growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
8. cardiovascular system: Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen,
carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
9. lymphatic system: Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to
blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells
involved in immunity.
10. Respiratory system: Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and
removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of
the air sacs of the lungs.
11. Digestive system: Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the
blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as
feces.
12. urinary system: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates
water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
13. male reproductive system: Overall function is production of offspring.
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid
in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
14. female reproductive system: Overall function is production of offspring.
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female
structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
15. Necessary life functions: maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness,
digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
16. Survival needs: nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature,
appropriate atmospheric pressure
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, Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Marieb and Hoehn 11th Edition
17. Homeostasis: The ability of an organism or cell to maintain equilibrium by
adjusting its physiological processes in order to function properly given external
conditions
18. Receptor (Homeostatic Control): Monitors the environment, responds to
stimuli by sending input along afferent pathway to the control center
19. Control center (homeostatic control): Determines set point, analyzes input
it receives, output flows from the control center along the efferent pathway to
the effector
20. Effector: provides the means for the control center's response to the
stimulus, produces feedback to influence the effect of stimulus
21. Negative feedback mechanism: The most common homeostatic control
mechanism. The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original
stimulus or reduces its intensity.
22. positive feedback mechanism: feedback that tends to cause the level of a
variable to change in the same direction as an initial change; typically set off a
linked sequence of events ex: childbirth + blood clots
23. homeostatic imbalance: a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
24 . anatomical position: erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing
forward, head facing forward
25. cephalic region: head region
26. cervical region: neck
27. thoracic region: thorax, chest
28. abdominal region: abdomen; on anterior side of trunk
29. pelvic region: area of the pelvis below the abdomen
30. upper limb: acromial, brachial (arm), antecubital, olecranal, antebrachial
(forearm), carpal (wrist)
31. manus (hand): pollex, metacarpal, palmar, digital
32. lower limb: coxal, femoral, patellar, popliteal, crural, sural, fibular or peroneal
33. Pedal (foot): Tarsal (ankle), Calcaneal, Metatarsal, Digital, Plantar, Hallux
(big toe)
34. back (dorsal): scapular, vertebral, lumbar, sacral, gluteal, perineal
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1. Organ: discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (usually all
four) that performs a specific function for the body
2. Tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
3. integumentary system: skin, hair, nails
4. skeletal system: Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework
the muscles use to support movement. Forms blood cells, stores minerals.
Made of bones and joints.
5. Muscular system: Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and
facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
6. nervous system: fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal
and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
7. endocrine system: Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as
growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
8. cardiovascular system: Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen,
carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
9. lymphatic system: Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to
blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells
involved in immunity.
10. Respiratory system: Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and
removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of
the air sacs of the lungs.
11. Digestive system: Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the
blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as
feces.
12. urinary system: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates
water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
13. male reproductive system: Overall function is production of offspring.
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid
in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
14. female reproductive system: Overall function is production of offspring.
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female
structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
15. Necessary life functions: maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness,
digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
16. Survival needs: nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature,
appropriate atmospheric pressure
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, Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Marieb and Hoehn 11th Edition
17. Homeostasis: The ability of an organism or cell to maintain equilibrium by
adjusting its physiological processes in order to function properly given external
conditions
18. Receptor (Homeostatic Control): Monitors the environment, responds to
stimuli by sending input along afferent pathway to the control center
19. Control center (homeostatic control): Determines set point, analyzes input
it receives, output flows from the control center along the efferent pathway to
the effector
20. Effector: provides the means for the control center's response to the
stimulus, produces feedback to influence the effect of stimulus
21. Negative feedback mechanism: The most common homeostatic control
mechanism. The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original
stimulus or reduces its intensity.
22. positive feedback mechanism: feedback that tends to cause the level of a
variable to change in the same direction as an initial change; typically set off a
linked sequence of events ex: childbirth + blood clots
23. homeostatic imbalance: a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
24 . anatomical position: erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing
forward, head facing forward
25. cephalic region: head region
26. cervical region: neck
27. thoracic region: thorax, chest
28. abdominal region: abdomen; on anterior side of trunk
29. pelvic region: area of the pelvis below the abdomen
30. upper limb: acromial, brachial (arm), antecubital, olecranal, antebrachial
(forearm), carpal (wrist)
31. manus (hand): pollex, metacarpal, palmar, digital
32. lower limb: coxal, femoral, patellar, popliteal, crural, sural, fibular or peroneal
33. Pedal (foot): Tarsal (ankle), Calcaneal, Metatarsal, Digital, Plantar, Hallux
(big toe)
34. back (dorsal): scapular, vertebral, lumbar, sacral, gluteal, perineal
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