PLTW Biomedical Science Midterm Exam
Glucagon - ANSWER raises blood sugar levels; antagonistic to insulin
Glucose Tolerance Test - ANSWER tests the body's ability to metabolize glucose
when a dose of glucose is taken into the stomach. Then the glucose level is
determined and detects diabetes.
Homeostasis - ANSWER maintenance of stable internal physiological conditions
Hormone - ANSWER a product of living cells that circulates in blood and produces a
stimulating effect on cells
Insulin - ANSWER protein hormone secreted by pancreas that is essential for the
breakdown of glucose in the blood
Negative Feedback - ANSWER homeostasis; a variable that fluctuates the initial
(balance)
Positive Feedback - ANSWER feedback that increases its output
Type 1 Diabetes - ANSWER diabetes that develops during childhood and doesn't
have enough insulin
Type 2 Diabetes - ANSWER diabetes that develops in adults and often in obese
individuals; the body is unable to cooperate with the insulin on the glucose
ATP - ANSWER supplies energy for cellular processes
Dehydration synthesis - ANSWER water is used to break apart 2 molecules
Ionic Bond - ANSWER bond where there is an attraction between opposite charged
atoms
A young patient has an increased thirst and is very fatigued (no energy). The doctors
tell the patient that their pancreas is not functioning properly. This patient most likely
has ______________. - ANSWER Type 1 Diabetes
What is negative feedback? - ANSWER A response to a change in the body that
counteracts or opposes the initial change.
What is positive feedback? - ANSWER Feedback that increases the output of a
process.
What is an example of positive feedback? - ANSWER Blood clotting. The initial
clotting triggers the formation of more clots.
,What is an example of negative feedback? - ANSWER Insulin response to high
blood sugar. If blood sugar rises, insulin is released to lower blood sugar.
An out of shape, overweight adult is told that they have developed diabetes. The
patient most likely has ______________. - ANSWER Type 2 diabetes.
In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce ______________. - ANSWER
Insulin
What explains the high blood sugar that results from Type 2 diabetes? - ANSWER
The pancreas makes insulin, but it is not used effectively by the cell.
A protein hormone released by the pancreas used to control blood glucose levels. -
ANSWER Insulin.
What is homeostasis? - ANSWER The maintenance of stable physiological
conditions (such as body temperature) under changing environmental conditions.
What is the effect of a lack of insulin or insulin that does not work properly in the
body? - ANSWER Blood sugar (glucose) levels build up.
Type 2 diabetes - ANSWER Graph of Glucose Tolerance Test results
Type 1 diabetes - ANSWER Graph of Insulin Concentration Test results
What are the units of food energy? - ANSWER Calories
How are atoms held together? - ANSWER Bonds from between outer shell electrons
of atoms.
Where is the energy from food obtained? - ANSWER Energy stored in bonds is
released when bonds are broken during digestion.
List the four macromolecules. - ANSWER Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Which atoms make up lipids and carbohydrates? - ANSWER C, H, O
What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer? - ANSWER A monomer
is a single molecule that is a sub-unit of a polymer. A polymer results when
monomers join together.
Is a lipid a polymer? - ANSWER No, lipids are not made of sub-units joined together.
What are the building blocks of proteins? - ANSWER Amino acids
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates? - ANSWER Monosaccharides or
simple sugars
, What are triglycerides made of? - ANSWER Glycerol and three fatty acids
Which macromolecule is used first for energy? - ANSWER Carbohydrates
What is a polysaccharide made of? - ANSWER Many saccharides (Many sugars)
What type of molecule is a triglyceride? - ANSWER Lipid
Which macromolecule contains 20 different variable group? - ANSWER Protein
What is a dehydration synthesis reaction? - ANSWER Two molecules form a
covalent bond by removing a water molecule. Dehydration synthesis the means by
which carbohydrates and proteins form.
What is a hydrolysis reaction? - ANSWER A covalent bond is broken by adding a
molecule of water.
Which stores more energy, a monosaccharide or a polysaccharide? Explain why? -
ANSWER A polysaccharide contains more energy. Energy is stored in bonds and a
polysaccharide has many more bonds than a monosaccharide
Which atom is only present in a protein compared to carbohydrates and lipids? -
ANSWER N (nitrogen)
What is the structure of an amino acid? - ANSWER
What is the structure of a monosaccharide? - ANSWER
What is the structure of a triglyceride? - ANSWER
What is an unsaturated triglyceride? - ANSWER An unsaturated triglyceride has one
or more double bonds in the fatty acids.
Why are unsaturated triglycerides liquids at room temperature? - ANSWER
Unsaturated triglycerides have a bend in a fatty acid due to a double bond and
cannot pack as tighty as a saturated triglyceride.
The blood surrounding cells has a high concentration of glucose. Is the
hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia? - ANSWER Hyperglycemia
What happens to the size and mass of the cells in someone who is hypoglycemic?
Explain. - ANSWER The cells will expand and gain mass. The concentration of water
is higher outside the cell so water will diffuse into the cell to balance the
concentration.
What happens to the size and mass of the cells in someone who is hyperglycemic?
Explain. - ANSWER The cells will shrink and lose mass. The concentration of water
is higher inside the cell so water will diffuse out of the cell to balance the
concentration.
Glucagon - ANSWER raises blood sugar levels; antagonistic to insulin
Glucose Tolerance Test - ANSWER tests the body's ability to metabolize glucose
when a dose of glucose is taken into the stomach. Then the glucose level is
determined and detects diabetes.
Homeostasis - ANSWER maintenance of stable internal physiological conditions
Hormone - ANSWER a product of living cells that circulates in blood and produces a
stimulating effect on cells
Insulin - ANSWER protein hormone secreted by pancreas that is essential for the
breakdown of glucose in the blood
Negative Feedback - ANSWER homeostasis; a variable that fluctuates the initial
(balance)
Positive Feedback - ANSWER feedback that increases its output
Type 1 Diabetes - ANSWER diabetes that develops during childhood and doesn't
have enough insulin
Type 2 Diabetes - ANSWER diabetes that develops in adults and often in obese
individuals; the body is unable to cooperate with the insulin on the glucose
ATP - ANSWER supplies energy for cellular processes
Dehydration synthesis - ANSWER water is used to break apart 2 molecules
Ionic Bond - ANSWER bond where there is an attraction between opposite charged
atoms
A young patient has an increased thirst and is very fatigued (no energy). The doctors
tell the patient that their pancreas is not functioning properly. This patient most likely
has ______________. - ANSWER Type 1 Diabetes
What is negative feedback? - ANSWER A response to a change in the body that
counteracts or opposes the initial change.
What is positive feedback? - ANSWER Feedback that increases the output of a
process.
What is an example of positive feedback? - ANSWER Blood clotting. The initial
clotting triggers the formation of more clots.
,What is an example of negative feedback? - ANSWER Insulin response to high
blood sugar. If blood sugar rises, insulin is released to lower blood sugar.
An out of shape, overweight adult is told that they have developed diabetes. The
patient most likely has ______________. - ANSWER Type 2 diabetes.
In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce ______________. - ANSWER
Insulin
What explains the high blood sugar that results from Type 2 diabetes? - ANSWER
The pancreas makes insulin, but it is not used effectively by the cell.
A protein hormone released by the pancreas used to control blood glucose levels. -
ANSWER Insulin.
What is homeostasis? - ANSWER The maintenance of stable physiological
conditions (such as body temperature) under changing environmental conditions.
What is the effect of a lack of insulin or insulin that does not work properly in the
body? - ANSWER Blood sugar (glucose) levels build up.
Type 2 diabetes - ANSWER Graph of Glucose Tolerance Test results
Type 1 diabetes - ANSWER Graph of Insulin Concentration Test results
What are the units of food energy? - ANSWER Calories
How are atoms held together? - ANSWER Bonds from between outer shell electrons
of atoms.
Where is the energy from food obtained? - ANSWER Energy stored in bonds is
released when bonds are broken during digestion.
List the four macromolecules. - ANSWER Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Which atoms make up lipids and carbohydrates? - ANSWER C, H, O
What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer? - ANSWER A monomer
is a single molecule that is a sub-unit of a polymer. A polymer results when
monomers join together.
Is a lipid a polymer? - ANSWER No, lipids are not made of sub-units joined together.
What are the building blocks of proteins? - ANSWER Amino acids
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates? - ANSWER Monosaccharides or
simple sugars
, What are triglycerides made of? - ANSWER Glycerol and three fatty acids
Which macromolecule is used first for energy? - ANSWER Carbohydrates
What is a polysaccharide made of? - ANSWER Many saccharides (Many sugars)
What type of molecule is a triglyceride? - ANSWER Lipid
Which macromolecule contains 20 different variable group? - ANSWER Protein
What is a dehydration synthesis reaction? - ANSWER Two molecules form a
covalent bond by removing a water molecule. Dehydration synthesis the means by
which carbohydrates and proteins form.
What is a hydrolysis reaction? - ANSWER A covalent bond is broken by adding a
molecule of water.
Which stores more energy, a monosaccharide or a polysaccharide? Explain why? -
ANSWER A polysaccharide contains more energy. Energy is stored in bonds and a
polysaccharide has many more bonds than a monosaccharide
Which atom is only present in a protein compared to carbohydrates and lipids? -
ANSWER N (nitrogen)
What is the structure of an amino acid? - ANSWER
What is the structure of a monosaccharide? - ANSWER
What is the structure of a triglyceride? - ANSWER
What is an unsaturated triglyceride? - ANSWER An unsaturated triglyceride has one
or more double bonds in the fatty acids.
Why are unsaturated triglycerides liquids at room temperature? - ANSWER
Unsaturated triglycerides have a bend in a fatty acid due to a double bond and
cannot pack as tighty as a saturated triglyceride.
The blood surrounding cells has a high concentration of glucose. Is the
hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia? - ANSWER Hyperglycemia
What happens to the size and mass of the cells in someone who is hypoglycemic?
Explain. - ANSWER The cells will expand and gain mass. The concentration of water
is higher outside the cell so water will diffuse into the cell to balance the
concentration.
What happens to the size and mass of the cells in someone who is hyperglycemic?
Explain. - ANSWER The cells will shrink and lose mass. The concentration of water
is higher inside the cell so water will diffuse out of the cell to balance the
concentration.
