Aice psychology - Sleeping and dreams fully solved & updated(100- accuracy).

what is the typical sleep cycle 1.Waking State - Approx. 16 hours long 2.Sleep State - Approx. 8 hours long •80% NREM •20% REM •Dreaming occurs in both states What is REM REM - rapid-eye movement •high levels of mixed brain wave activity •lots of eye movement muscles are in virtual paralysis Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute -- / -- Full screen Brainpower Read More what is NREM including the four stages NREM - non-rapid eye movement, involves stages. •Stage 1 - light sleep, easily awakened. •Stage 2 - light sleep, fairly easily awakened. •Stage 3 - deep sleep, difficult to awaken. •Stage 4 - very deep sleep, very difficult to awaken. What did Dement and Kleitman study? Dement and Kleitman wanted to know at which stages do we dream in relation to REM/NREM sleep, the strength of dream recall during those stages, and eye movement in relation to dream content. what was dement and kleitman first aim 1.AIM 1 - Does dreaming occur during REM or NREM sleep? what was dement and kleitman second aim 2.AIM 2 - Can participants accurately estimate the length of time they have been dreaming? what was dement and kleitman third aim 3.AIM 3 - Do eye movement patterns match dream content? what was dement and kleitman fourth aim 4.AIM 4 (sub-AIM, Correlation) - Does the duration of REM sleep correlate with the number of words (the narrative) in a reported dream? what was the method of the study Natural" laboratory experiment using self-reports and observation. what was the design Design Repeated Measure - Each participant slept and were woken at various times and on various occasions (multiple=repeated). what was the controls of the study Controls 1.All participants were asked not to drink alcohol (a depressant) or caffeine (a stimulant). 2.The way they were woken (a loud bell) and the way in which they were recorded (tape recorder) were standardized. what was the sample of the study 1.Sample: Self-selecting (volunteer). There's no details on how this sample knew about the study or if they were students, however, because sleep is a physiological process it is not important how they got the sample. what was the participants of the study 1.Participants: •Initially 9 participants (7 males/2 females) •2 only slept for one night and 2 for two nights before exercising their right to withdraw •5 participants completed between 6 and 17 nights sleeping at a lab at the University of Chicago what was the apparatus 1.Sleep laboratory with equipment, bed, electrodes connected to EEG, bell, and tape recorder. what does eeg measure brain waves What does EOG measure? eye movement What does EMG measure? muscle activity in aim one what was the iv and dv 1.AIM 1: •IV - REM/NREM sleep •DV - number of dreams recalled from each in aim two what was the iv and dv 2.AIM 2: •IV - woken after 5 and 15 minutes •DV - number of correct dream length estimations in aim three what was the iv and dv 3.AIM 3: •IV - direction of eye movement (vertical, horizontal, mixture, little or no movement); •DV - was there subjective reporting of the dream or not. in aim four what was the iv and dv 4.AIM 4 (sub-AIM): Correlation •V1 - Length of the dream •V2 -total number of words used to describe a dream (Warning this one is long be ready to memorize) what was the procedure? 1.Arrived at the lab at their normal bedtime and went to beds in individual rooms. 2.Electrodes were attached to the eyes (2) and scalp (2-3), using single cord, and were connected to an EEG in a room next door. The single cord allowed the participant free movement for a more natural sleep. 3.As sleep began, the experimenter observed the EEG and noted when the participant entered REM sleep. At the end of REM sleep the experimenter pressed a button to ring the bell situated next to the participant to wake them. If a dream was recalled the details were spoken into the tape recorder. 4.The same procedure was adopted when the experimenter wanted to wake the participant from REM sleep after 5 or 15 minute sleep and ask whether they had been asleep for 5 or 15 minutes. 5.REM v. NREM Randomized: The researchers used random series for either the REM or NREM wake experiments for each night of sleep (control). How REM was determined 1.Alpha waves: Low voltage (amplitude), fast (high frequency) 2.REMS: •0.1-0.2; irregular; bursts 1-2 to 50-100+ •2 or more electrodes attached near the eyes to