Aice Psychology Andrade fully solved & updated(100- accuracy).

Andrade Aim To test whether doodling aides concentration in a boring task Andrade Method Design Laboratory / Independent Measures Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:15 Full screen Brainpower Read More Andrade Sampling Method & Sample Opportunity Sampling: volunteered for a different study but were recruited via opportunity sampling once the original study was conducted (40 people, paid, 18-55 mostly females) Andrade IV / DV IV: paper to doodle on (experimental); lined paper (control) DV: monitoring task test (names of people who would be attending party); recall task test (name places mentioned, unexpected test); tests were counterbalanced (half were tested on names first, other half on places) Andrade Data Type: Quantitative Analysis: surprise test of recalling names and places or vice versa Andrade Generalizability - Not generalizable - Small sample - Not diverse (mostly female) - Results may not reflect population as a whole (effects may only applicable to sample) - Participants may be more motivated than others to perform in study because they were from a volunteer participant panel Andrade Reliability - High level of standardization - Can be replicated to test reliability Andrade Application to Real Life Doodling can be a useful strategy when we have to concentrate and don't want to. It helps to stop our minds from straying/daydreaming and be better able to focus on a primary task. Andrade Validity - Validity increased because of ensuring participants were equally bored and the operationalization of doodling. Researchers could be sure differences in results between conditions were because of doodling - Low ecological validity (because it was in a lab) Andrade Ethics - nothing, it was ethical Andrade Debates: Individual VS Situational Individual: participants may have used a similar strategy before or a personality type that requires extra simulation Situational: The process of doodling, in this situation, could have caused the improvement in recall Andrade Hypothesis "Predication that doodling aids concentration" Andrade Materials • Mock telephone message recorded on audio tapes: - 2.5 min long - boring purpose - average speaking rate & comfortable volume - 8 names of people attending a party - names of 3 people & a cat who would not attend - 8 place names - much irrelevant material • Pencil for each participant • For experimental group: 1 lined sheet of paper • Control group: 1 sheet of paper with alternating rows of shapes and squares and circles; 10 shapes per line and 4.5 cm margin on left to give space for writing target information Andrade Participants Were Told: "I am going to play you a tape. I want you to pretend that the speaker is a friend who was telephoned you to invite you to a party. The tape is rather dull but that's ok because I don't want you to remember any of it. Just write down the names of people who will definitely or probably won't be coming to the party (excluding yourself). Ignore the names of those who can't come. Do not write anything else." Andrade Procedures - Participants placed into 2 groups (doodling/control) ; doodling were told to shade in squares and circles on paper while listening - Participants were given lined paper to write target information - They were led to a dull and quiet room to listen to a monotone message for 2.5 min. - When finished, the researcher collected the sheets and talked to P's for a minute. During this time, the researchers apologized for deception of experiment and its true nature - The people were debriefed and asked if they suspected anything (Demand Characteristic) • 3 participants in doodling condition and 4 in control group suspected memory test • All claimed to actively try to remember the info Andrade Results - Doodle group drew an avg. of 36.3 shapes - Doodle 7.8/8 correct names (1 false alarm) - Control 7.1/8 correct names (5 false alarms) - Given a monitoring performance score: # of correct names minus # of false alarms • 15 doodlers and 9 controls scores 8 (max) - Recall: • Doodle memory: 7.5 recall of names & places • Control memory: 5.8 recall of names & places - Done by adding memory scores for both - Overall 29% more for doodlers - Memory for both monitored and recall - Doodling wins