BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR CHAPTER 2
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
u Gryus - Curve
Sulcus - Groove
Plastic - neural tissue that has the capacity to adapt to the world by changing how its functions are
organized. connections among neurons in a given functional system are constantly changing in response
to experience
Neuroplasticity - the nervous systems fundamental potential for physical or chemical change that
enhances its adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury
Phenotypic plasticity - the individual's capacity to develop into more than one phenotype the
characteristics we can see or measure.
Key functions of the brain - 1) perception ( sensing)
2) integration of information ( create a perceptual world)
3) action ( behavior)
Phylogenetic - tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred
evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities—their phylogeny—based
upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.
Dorsal - structures that are at the top or the upper side
Medial - Structures close to or towards the brain's midline
Lateral - structures toward the sides
Anterior - refers to strutures in the front of the brain ( near the eyes)
Posterior - stuctures in the back, ( of the head)
Ventral - stuctures at the bottom of the brain
Human/ Bird orientation - Compares with the head orientation of a four-legged animal " dorsal" and "
ventral" take a 90 degree turn counter clockwise when describing the human or bird brain.
Instead of anterior ( front of brain) it is called rostral ( beak) for birds. Posterior ( back of the brain) is
caudal) .
AND ventral can be referred to as inferior and dorsal as superior in birds.
, Coronal section - A vertical cut from the crown of the head down.
Result: frontal view of the brain's internal structures
Horizontal section - Cut horizontally ( like the liquor globe)
result: is usually viewed looking down on the brain from above ( dorsal view)
Saggittal Section - IS cut lengthways from front to back through the middle.
Result: a view from the side. Arrow --> sagkitta
Afferent - Towards a structure ( input)
Efferent - Away from a structure ( output)
Example: efferent nerve carries information from the brain to the neurons controlling muscle movement.
Brains packaging - On the outside there is a skull.
Underneath that is the meninges which consists of ( dura mater , on the outermost side, then arachnoid
layer, then pia matter) .
Beneath that we have the subarachnoid space ( filled with CSF)
Cerebellum - - little brain (next to brain stem)
receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then
regulates motor movements.
Also coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in
smooth and balanced muscular activity.
Cerebrum - the principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of
the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure.
responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and
coordination of involuntary activity in the body.
Anatomical organization - PNS nerves carry sensory information into the CNS and carry motor
instructions from the CNS to the body's muscles and tissues. Including those that performs functions like
blood circulation and digestion.
Functional organization - the focus turns to how the parts of the system work together . Neurons in the
somatic division of the PNS connect through the cranial and spinal nerves to receptors on the body
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
u Gryus - Curve
Sulcus - Groove
Plastic - neural tissue that has the capacity to adapt to the world by changing how its functions are
organized. connections among neurons in a given functional system are constantly changing in response
to experience
Neuroplasticity - the nervous systems fundamental potential for physical or chemical change that
enhances its adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury
Phenotypic plasticity - the individual's capacity to develop into more than one phenotype the
characteristics we can see or measure.
Key functions of the brain - 1) perception ( sensing)
2) integration of information ( create a perceptual world)
3) action ( behavior)
Phylogenetic - tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred
evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities—their phylogeny—based
upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.
Dorsal - structures that are at the top or the upper side
Medial - Structures close to or towards the brain's midline
Lateral - structures toward the sides
Anterior - refers to strutures in the front of the brain ( near the eyes)
Posterior - stuctures in the back, ( of the head)
Ventral - stuctures at the bottom of the brain
Human/ Bird orientation - Compares with the head orientation of a four-legged animal " dorsal" and "
ventral" take a 90 degree turn counter clockwise when describing the human or bird brain.
Instead of anterior ( front of brain) it is called rostral ( beak) for birds. Posterior ( back of the brain) is
caudal) .
AND ventral can be referred to as inferior and dorsal as superior in birds.
, Coronal section - A vertical cut from the crown of the head down.
Result: frontal view of the brain's internal structures
Horizontal section - Cut horizontally ( like the liquor globe)
result: is usually viewed looking down on the brain from above ( dorsal view)
Saggittal Section - IS cut lengthways from front to back through the middle.
Result: a view from the side. Arrow --> sagkitta
Afferent - Towards a structure ( input)
Efferent - Away from a structure ( output)
Example: efferent nerve carries information from the brain to the neurons controlling muscle movement.
Brains packaging - On the outside there is a skull.
Underneath that is the meninges which consists of ( dura mater , on the outermost side, then arachnoid
layer, then pia matter) .
Beneath that we have the subarachnoid space ( filled with CSF)
Cerebellum - - little brain (next to brain stem)
receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then
regulates motor movements.
Also coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in
smooth and balanced muscular activity.
Cerebrum - the principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of
the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure.
responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and
coordination of involuntary activity in the body.
Anatomical organization - PNS nerves carry sensory information into the CNS and carry motor
instructions from the CNS to the body's muscles and tissues. Including those that performs functions like
blood circulation and digestion.
Functional organization - the focus turns to how the parts of the system work together . Neurons in the
somatic division of the PNS connect through the cranial and spinal nerves to receptors on the body
