Introduction to Neuroscience Final
Each photoreceptor is in synaptic contact with two types of retinal neurons: the
————- cells and the horizontal cells - answer Bipolar
The fovea is a convenient anatomical reference point for ophthalmoscopic examination
of the eye because it marks the center of the retina. What is the name for the part of the
retina that lies closer to the nose than the fovea? - answer Nasal Retina
True or False? The range of wavelengths in the visible electromagnetic spectrum is
100-1000nm. - answer False
True or False? The sclera is the glossy transparent external surface of the eye that
covers the pupil and the iris. - answer False
What is dark current? - answer Photoreceptors are depolarized in the dark because of a
steady influx of
sodium ions.
What is meant by phototransduction? - answer Phototransduction is the process that
occurs when the photoreceptors convert
light energy into changes in neuronal membrane potential.
What is the role of the pupil in vision? - answer Allows light to enter the eye and reach
the retina
Which cells in the retina have axons that leave the retina? - answer Ganglion cells
Which layer contains the light-sensitive elements of the retina? - answer Photoreceptor
layer
Which retinal neurons fire action potentials? - answer Ganglion cells
The ———- adjusts the shape of the lens to focus images on the retina for objects that
vary in distance from the eye – answer Ciliary muscles
What are properties of rods? - answer hyperpolarize in response to light; better at
seeing contrast and motion; better for scotopic vision
Which effector enzyme converts CGMP to GMP? – answer PDE
, Which type of ion channels become opened/closed on photoreceptors to affect their
activity? - answerSodium
On center/off surround bipolar cells have what type of receptors? - answerMetabotropic
Light hitting a photoreceptor will result in ——-. - answerHyperpolarization —> less
glutamate release
A scan revealed that a child had extensive damage to the area in the inferior temporal
lobe called area IT. Which of the following functions is likely to be affected as a result of
damage to this area? - answerRecognizing faces
Fibers from the nasal portion of the left retina cross to the right side of the brain at which
of the following locations? - answerOptic chiasm
James, age 22 years, was riding a motorbike when he had an accident. A
neuropsychological test revealed that James suffered extensive damage to area V4 in
the ventral stream. What is the most likely deficit resulting from a V4 lesion? -
answerColor perception deficit
Research indicates that specialized processing of object motion takes place where? -
answerArea MT of dorsal stream
Name one of the symptoms associated with the Klüver-Bucy syndrome reported in
humans with lesions in the temporal lobe. - answerDecrease in fear and aggression
Theories of emotion based on the idea that emotions can be broken down into smaller
fundamental elements combined in different ways are called what? -
answerDimensional emotion theories
Susan fell down the staircase and injured her head, causing a transection of the left
optic nerve. What is the consequence of this lesion? - answerBlindness in the left eye
The primary visual cortex, also known as V1 and the striate cortex is located in what pat
of the brain in primates? - answerOccipital lobe
True or False? Magnocellular LGN neurons project primarily to layer IVCa and
parvocellular LGN neurons project to layer IVCb - answerTrue
True or false? The optic radiation is the projection from the LGN to the optic tract -
answerFalse
Which of the following ganglion cell axons cross to the opposite side of the brain? -
answerAll axons originating in the nasal retina
Each photoreceptor is in synaptic contact with two types of retinal neurons: the
————- cells and the horizontal cells - answer Bipolar
The fovea is a convenient anatomical reference point for ophthalmoscopic examination
of the eye because it marks the center of the retina. What is the name for the part of the
retina that lies closer to the nose than the fovea? - answer Nasal Retina
True or False? The range of wavelengths in the visible electromagnetic spectrum is
100-1000nm. - answer False
True or False? The sclera is the glossy transparent external surface of the eye that
covers the pupil and the iris. - answer False
What is dark current? - answer Photoreceptors are depolarized in the dark because of a
steady influx of
sodium ions.
What is meant by phototransduction? - answer Phototransduction is the process that
occurs when the photoreceptors convert
light energy into changes in neuronal membrane potential.
What is the role of the pupil in vision? - answer Allows light to enter the eye and reach
the retina
Which cells in the retina have axons that leave the retina? - answer Ganglion cells
Which layer contains the light-sensitive elements of the retina? - answer Photoreceptor
layer
Which retinal neurons fire action potentials? - answer Ganglion cells
The ———- adjusts the shape of the lens to focus images on the retina for objects that
vary in distance from the eye – answer Ciliary muscles
What are properties of rods? - answer hyperpolarize in response to light; better at
seeing contrast and motion; better for scotopic vision
Which effector enzyme converts CGMP to GMP? – answer PDE
, Which type of ion channels become opened/closed on photoreceptors to affect their
activity? - answerSodium
On center/off surround bipolar cells have what type of receptors? - answerMetabotropic
Light hitting a photoreceptor will result in ——-. - answerHyperpolarization —> less
glutamate release
A scan revealed that a child had extensive damage to the area in the inferior temporal
lobe called area IT. Which of the following functions is likely to be affected as a result of
damage to this area? - answerRecognizing faces
Fibers from the nasal portion of the left retina cross to the right side of the brain at which
of the following locations? - answerOptic chiasm
James, age 22 years, was riding a motorbike when he had an accident. A
neuropsychological test revealed that James suffered extensive damage to area V4 in
the ventral stream. What is the most likely deficit resulting from a V4 lesion? -
answerColor perception deficit
Research indicates that specialized processing of object motion takes place where? -
answerArea MT of dorsal stream
Name one of the symptoms associated with the Klüver-Bucy syndrome reported in
humans with lesions in the temporal lobe. - answerDecrease in fear and aggression
Theories of emotion based on the idea that emotions can be broken down into smaller
fundamental elements combined in different ways are called what? -
answerDimensional emotion theories
Susan fell down the staircase and injured her head, causing a transection of the left
optic nerve. What is the consequence of this lesion? - answerBlindness in the left eye
The primary visual cortex, also known as V1 and the striate cortex is located in what pat
of the brain in primates? - answerOccipital lobe
True or False? Magnocellular LGN neurons project primarily to layer IVCa and
parvocellular LGN neurons project to layer IVCb - answerTrue
True or false? The optic radiation is the projection from the LGN to the optic tract -
answerFalse
Which of the following ganglion cell axons cross to the opposite side of the brain? -
answerAll axons originating in the nasal retina
