PATHO 370 MIDTERM EXAM
I I I
• Question I 1
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
Gas I exchange I occurs I in I which I of I the I respiratory I system's I structures?
Selected
Answer: Trache
a
I
Correct
Answer: Alveoli
Response The Ialveoli Iallow Iair Ito Icome Iin Iindirect Icontact Iwith Ithe
IFeedback Ib loodstream I through I the I pulmonary I capillary I system.
: This Ialveolar Imembrane, Iwhich Iis Ione Icell Ithick, Iallows
Icarbon Idioxide Ito Idiffuse Iinto Ithe Ialveoli Ifrom Ithe
Ibloodstream I and I oxygen I to I diffuse I to I the I bloodstream
Ifrom I the I alveoli. I Sinuses I are I hollow I spaces I found I in Ithe
Iskull. I The Itrachea I is I a Istructure I that Iallows Ipassage Iof
Igases I to I and I from I the I gas I exchange I units I (alveoli).
Bronchi I are I branches I of I the I conducting I airways I that
Iallow I passage I of I gases I to I and I from I the I gas I exchange
Iunits I(alveoli).
• Question I 2
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
A Ipatient Iwith Iheart Ifailure Ireports Iawakening Iintermittently Iwith
Ishortness I of I breath. I Which I terms I appropriately I describes I this I clinical
Im anifestation?
Selected
Answer: Dyspnea
Correct
Answer: Paroxysmal
Inocturnal
Response Paroxysmal Inocturnal Idyspnea Irefers Ito Iintermittent
IFeedback Iattacks Iof I severe I dyspnea Ithat I occur Iduring I the I night.
: IDyspnea Iis Ia Igeneral Iterm Ireferring Ito Idifficulty Ibreathing.
I Cyanosis I is I the I appearance I of I a I blue I or I purple Icoloration
I of I the I skin Ior I mucous I membranes I due Ito I the
, tissues Inear Ithe Iskin Isurface Ibeing Ilow Ion Ioxygen.
IBradypnea Idescribes Iabnormal Islowness Iof Ibreathing.
• Question I 3
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
What I factor I causes I a I congenital I heart I disease I to I produce I cyanosis?
Selected
Answer: Left-to-right Ishunting Iof
blood
Correct
Answer: Right-to-left Ishunting Iof
blood
Response Disorders Ithat Iresult Iin Iright-to-left Ishunting Icause
IFeedback Icyanosis. IA I left-to-right I shunt Ioccurs I when I oxygenated
: Iblood Ifrom Ithe Ileft Iside Iof Ithe Iheart Ior Iaorta Iflows Iback
Iinto Ithe Iright Iside Ito Ibe Irecirculated Ithrough Ithe Ilungs. IThe
Iblood Ireaching Ithe I Isystemic I I circulation I Iis Ioxygenated I and
I the I infant Iis Inot I cyanotic I (acyanotic Idefect). I However, Ithe
Iright Iside Iof I the Iheart Ihas Ian Iincreased Iworkload Ibecause
I of Ithe I extra I shunt Iblood. I In Itime, Ithe Ioverload Iof Ithe Iright
Iside Iof Ithe Iheart Ican IresultIin I right I ventricular I hypertrophy
I and I high I right-sided I heartIp ressures. ILarge Iventricular
Iseptal Idefects I may Ibe Iapparent Iat Ibirth Ibecause Iof Irapidly
Ideveloping I right- Isided I heart Ifailure Iand Ia Iloud Isystolic
Imurmur. IThe Imajority Iof Iatrial Iseptal Idefects Ioccur Iat Ithe
Ilocation Iof Ithe I foramen I ovale. I The I abnormal I septal
I opening I may I be Iof Ivariable Isize. ISmall Idefects I(1 Icm) Iare
Iwell Itolerated.
Even Ilarger Iatrial Iseptal Idefects Imay Ibe Iasymptomatic
Ifor Imany Iyears Ias Ilong Ias Ithe Ishunt Iflow Iis Ileft Ito Iright
Iand Itherefore Iacyanotic.
• Question I 4
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
A Ipatient Ieducation Iintervention Ithat Iwill Ihelp Idecrease Ithe
Iemergence Iof Iresistant Iinfections Iis I to Iinstruct I the Ipatient Ito
Selected
Answer: Take Iall Ithe Iantibiotics Iordered Ieven Iif Ifeeling Iwell IafterIa
Ifew Idays Ito Iprevent Iantibiotic Idefiant Ibacteria
,Correct
Answer: Take Iall Ithe Iantibiotics Iordered Ieven Iif Ifeeling Iwell IafterIa
Ifew Idays Ito Iprevent Iantibiotic Idefiant Ibacteria
Response The Ipatient Ishould Itake Iall Ithe Iantibiotics Iordered, Ieven Iif
IFeedback Ifeeling Ibetter, Ito Ieradicate Ithe Imoderately Iresistant
: Imicroorganisms. IViruses I I are Inot I Iimpacted Iby
Iantibacterial Imedications. ISharing Iantibiotics Iindicates
Ithat Ithe Ifull I course Iof Ithe Imedication Iisn’t Ibeing Itaken,
Iand Iso Icontributing Ito Ithe Idevelopment Iof Iresistant
Imicroorganisms. IIf I medication I is I stopped I prematurely,
Imoderately I resistant Iorganisms I are I selected I for I and
Ibecome Ithe I predominant I species, I making Iit Imore Idifficult
Ito Ieradicate Inext Itime.
• Question I 5
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
Cellular Ihypoxia I results Iin
Selected
Answer: Failure I of I the I sodium-potassium
pump
Correct
Answer: Failure I of I the I sodium-potassium
pump
Response Hypoxia Iis Ia Iloss Iof Ioxygen Ito Ithe Icell Ithat Icauses IATP
IFeedback Iactivity Ito Icease. IATP Iprovides Ithe Ipower Irequired Ito Idrive
: Ithe Isodium-potassium I pump. IpH Idecreases Iin Ihypoxia
I(respiratory Iacidosis). IHypoxia Iis Ia Iloss Iof IoxygenIto Ithe Icell
Ithat Icauses IATP Iactivity Ito Icease. IDeposits Iof I calcium Isalts
Ioccur Iin Iconditions Iof Ialtered Icalcium Iintake, Iexcretion,
Ior Imetabolism.
• Question I 6
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
What I is I the I underlying I problem I common I among I all I types I of I shock?
Selected
Answer: Generalized I vasodilation
Correct
Answer: Inadequate Icellular
, oxygenation
Response Although I each I type I of I shock I has I specific I characteristics,
IFeedback Iall Iare Iassociated Iwith Ia Ideficiency Iof Icellular Ioxygen
: Iconsumption. I Inadequate I cellular I oxygenation I may I result
Ifrom Idecreased Icardiac Ioutput, Imaldistribution Iof Iblood
Iflow, Ior Ireduced Iblood Ioxygen Icontent. IThe Iimpaired
Ioxygen Iutilization I by Icells Imay Ilead Ito Icell Ideath, Iorgan
Idysfunction, Iand Istimulation Iof Iinflammatory I reactions.
Cardiac I failure I can Ibe Ian I outcome, Ibut Iis I not I a I common
Icause Iin I all I types Iof I shock. I Vasodilation I occurs I in Ionly
Iselective Iforms Iof Ishock. IFaulty Icompensatory
Imechanisms I may I contribute I to I the I seriousness I of I all
Ishocks Ibut I that Iis I not I the Icause Iof I all Iforms Iof Ishock.
• Question I 7
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
What Iis Ithe Iname Ifor Ithe ImRNA Isequences Ithat Icontain Ionly ItheIwanted
Isegments?
Selected
Answer: Pre-
ImRNA
Correct
Answer: Exon
Response An Iexon Iis Ithe ImRNA Isequence Ithat Icontains Ionly Ithe
IFeedback Iwanted Isegments. IIntrons Iare Ithe I unwanted Iareas Ithat
: Iare Iremoved Iin Ithe Inucleus Iby Ia Icomplex Isplicing
Iprocess, Ithus Ileaving Iexons. IPre-mRNA Iis Ithe Ioriginal IRNA
Itranscript Ibefore I removal Iof I bases Ithat Iare I unnecessary.
ISpliceosomes Iare Ithe Iareas Iof Ithe I nucleus Ithat Iare Ia
Ispecialized IRNA Iprotein Icomplex Ithat Iremoves Iintrons.
• Question I 8
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
Thrombosis Iin Ithe I microcirculation Ithroughout Ithe I body Iis I called
Selected
Answer: Disseminated Iintravascular
coagulation I (DIC)
I I I
• Question I 1
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
Gas I exchange I occurs I in I which I of I the I respiratory I system's I structures?
Selected
Answer: Trache
a
I
Correct
Answer: Alveoli
Response The Ialveoli Iallow Iair Ito Icome Iin Iindirect Icontact Iwith Ithe
IFeedback Ib loodstream I through I the I pulmonary I capillary I system.
: This Ialveolar Imembrane, Iwhich Iis Ione Icell Ithick, Iallows
Icarbon Idioxide Ito Idiffuse Iinto Ithe Ialveoli Ifrom Ithe
Ibloodstream I and I oxygen I to I diffuse I to I the I bloodstream
Ifrom I the I alveoli. I Sinuses I are I hollow I spaces I found I in Ithe
Iskull. I The Itrachea I is I a Istructure I that Iallows Ipassage Iof
Igases I to I and I from I the I gas I exchange I units I (alveoli).
Bronchi I are I branches I of I the I conducting I airways I that
Iallow I passage I of I gases I to I and I from I the I gas I exchange
Iunits I(alveoli).
• Question I 2
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
A Ipatient Iwith Iheart Ifailure Ireports Iawakening Iintermittently Iwith
Ishortness I of I breath. I Which I terms I appropriately I describes I this I clinical
Im anifestation?
Selected
Answer: Dyspnea
Correct
Answer: Paroxysmal
Inocturnal
Response Paroxysmal Inocturnal Idyspnea Irefers Ito Iintermittent
IFeedback Iattacks Iof I severe I dyspnea Ithat I occur Iduring I the I night.
: IDyspnea Iis Ia Igeneral Iterm Ireferring Ito Idifficulty Ibreathing.
I Cyanosis I is I the I appearance I of I a I blue I or I purple Icoloration
I of I the I skin Ior I mucous I membranes I due Ito I the
, tissues Inear Ithe Iskin Isurface Ibeing Ilow Ion Ioxygen.
IBradypnea Idescribes Iabnormal Islowness Iof Ibreathing.
• Question I 3
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
What I factor I causes I a I congenital I heart I disease I to I produce I cyanosis?
Selected
Answer: Left-to-right Ishunting Iof
blood
Correct
Answer: Right-to-left Ishunting Iof
blood
Response Disorders Ithat Iresult Iin Iright-to-left Ishunting Icause
IFeedback Icyanosis. IA I left-to-right I shunt Ioccurs I when I oxygenated
: Iblood Ifrom Ithe Ileft Iside Iof Ithe Iheart Ior Iaorta Iflows Iback
Iinto Ithe Iright Iside Ito Ibe Irecirculated Ithrough Ithe Ilungs. IThe
Iblood Ireaching Ithe I Isystemic I I circulation I Iis Ioxygenated I and
I the I infant Iis Inot I cyanotic I (acyanotic Idefect). I However, Ithe
Iright Iside Iof I the Iheart Ihas Ian Iincreased Iworkload Ibecause
I of Ithe I extra I shunt Iblood. I In Itime, Ithe Ioverload Iof Ithe Iright
Iside Iof Ithe Iheart Ican IresultIin I right I ventricular I hypertrophy
I and I high I right-sided I heartIp ressures. ILarge Iventricular
Iseptal Idefects I may Ibe Iapparent Iat Ibirth Ibecause Iof Irapidly
Ideveloping I right- Isided I heart Ifailure Iand Ia Iloud Isystolic
Imurmur. IThe Imajority Iof Iatrial Iseptal Idefects Ioccur Iat Ithe
Ilocation Iof Ithe I foramen I ovale. I The I abnormal I septal
I opening I may I be Iof Ivariable Isize. ISmall Idefects I(1 Icm) Iare
Iwell Itolerated.
Even Ilarger Iatrial Iseptal Idefects Imay Ibe Iasymptomatic
Ifor Imany Iyears Ias Ilong Ias Ithe Ishunt Iflow Iis Ileft Ito Iright
Iand Itherefore Iacyanotic.
• Question I 4
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
A Ipatient Ieducation Iintervention Ithat Iwill Ihelp Idecrease Ithe
Iemergence Iof Iresistant Iinfections Iis I to Iinstruct I the Ipatient Ito
Selected
Answer: Take Iall Ithe Iantibiotics Iordered Ieven Iif Ifeeling Iwell IafterIa
Ifew Idays Ito Iprevent Iantibiotic Idefiant Ibacteria
,Correct
Answer: Take Iall Ithe Iantibiotics Iordered Ieven Iif Ifeeling Iwell IafterIa
Ifew Idays Ito Iprevent Iantibiotic Idefiant Ibacteria
Response The Ipatient Ishould Itake Iall Ithe Iantibiotics Iordered, Ieven Iif
IFeedback Ifeeling Ibetter, Ito Ieradicate Ithe Imoderately Iresistant
: Imicroorganisms. IViruses I I are Inot I Iimpacted Iby
Iantibacterial Imedications. ISharing Iantibiotics Iindicates
Ithat Ithe Ifull I course Iof Ithe Imedication Iisn’t Ibeing Itaken,
Iand Iso Icontributing Ito Ithe Idevelopment Iof Iresistant
Imicroorganisms. IIf I medication I is I stopped I prematurely,
Imoderately I resistant Iorganisms I are I selected I for I and
Ibecome Ithe I predominant I species, I making Iit Imore Idifficult
Ito Ieradicate Inext Itime.
• Question I 5
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
Cellular Ihypoxia I results Iin
Selected
Answer: Failure I of I the I sodium-potassium
pump
Correct
Answer: Failure I of I the I sodium-potassium
pump
Response Hypoxia Iis Ia Iloss Iof Ioxygen Ito Ithe Icell Ithat Icauses IATP
IFeedback Iactivity Ito Icease. IATP Iprovides Ithe Ipower Irequired Ito Idrive
: Ithe Isodium-potassium I pump. IpH Idecreases Iin Ihypoxia
I(respiratory Iacidosis). IHypoxia Iis Ia Iloss Iof IoxygenIto Ithe Icell
Ithat Icauses IATP Iactivity Ito Icease. IDeposits Iof I calcium Isalts
Ioccur Iin Iconditions Iof Ialtered Icalcium Iintake, Iexcretion,
Ior Imetabolism.
• Question I 6
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
What I is I the I underlying I problem I common I among I all I types I of I shock?
Selected
Answer: Generalized I vasodilation
Correct
Answer: Inadequate Icellular
, oxygenation
Response Although I each I type I of I shock I has I specific I characteristics,
IFeedback Iall Iare Iassociated Iwith Ia Ideficiency Iof Icellular Ioxygen
: Iconsumption. I Inadequate I cellular I oxygenation I may I result
Ifrom Idecreased Icardiac Ioutput, Imaldistribution Iof Iblood
Iflow, Ior Ireduced Iblood Ioxygen Icontent. IThe Iimpaired
Ioxygen Iutilization I by Icells Imay Ilead Ito Icell Ideath, Iorgan
Idysfunction, Iand Istimulation Iof Iinflammatory I reactions.
Cardiac I failure I can Ibe Ian I outcome, Ibut Iis I not I a I common
Icause Iin I all I types Iof I shock. I Vasodilation I occurs I in Ionly
Iselective Iforms Iof Ishock. IFaulty Icompensatory
Imechanisms I may I contribute I to I the I seriousness I of I all
Ishocks Ibut I that Iis I not I the Icause Iof I all Iforms Iof Ishock.
• Question I 7
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
What Iis Ithe Iname Ifor Ithe ImRNA Isequences Ithat Icontain Ionly ItheIwanted
Isegments?
Selected
Answer: Pre-
ImRNA
Correct
Answer: Exon
Response An Iexon Iis Ithe ImRNA Isequence Ithat Icontains Ionly Ithe
IFeedback Iwanted Isegments. IIntrons Iare Ithe I unwanted Iareas Ithat
: Iare Iremoved Iin Ithe Inucleus Iby Ia Icomplex Isplicing
Iprocess, Ithus Ileaving Iexons. IPre-mRNA Iis Ithe Ioriginal IRNA
Itranscript Ibefore I removal Iof I bases Ithat Iare I unnecessary.
ISpliceosomes Iare Ithe Iareas Iof Ithe I nucleus Ithat Iare Ia
Ispecialized IRNA Iprotein Icomplex Ithat Iremoves Iintrons.
• Question I 8
0 Iout Iof I0 Ipoints
Thrombosis Iin Ithe I microcirculation Ithroughout Ithe I body Iis I called
Selected
Answer: Disseminated Iintravascular
coagulation I (DIC)
