NR283-PATHO FINAL EXAM REVIEW
what are some examples of the first line of defense - ANS nonspecific defense, mechanical
barrier, unbroken skin and mucous membrane, secretions such as gastric juice and tears
What is a part of the specific defense system - ANS T-cells
what is specific defense (adaptive) - ANS uniquely tailored responses to specific pathogens
based on antigen identifications
What is nonspecific defense(innate)? - ANS response is the same to any challenge
encountered
Resolvins - ANS inflammatory response to stay longer
What is the chance percentage of children who will get Marfan's Syndrome? - ANS 50%- it is
autosomal dominant
Examples of Autosomal Recessive Disorders - ANS cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, tay sachs
Down syndrome - ANS it is a triple in the 21st chromosome, it is a chromosomal disorder, also
called trisomy
Examples of Autosomal Dominant Disorders - ANS Huntington chorea, marfan syndrome,
polycystic kidney disease
X-linked dominant - ANS fragile x syndrome
X-linked recessive - ANS only affects males, hemophilia A, color blindness, duchenne muscular
dystrophy
What occurs when one is born with only 1 X chromosome - ANS Monosomy X AKA turner
syndrome
what type of disease is sickle cell anemia - ANS autosomal recessive
Characteristics of down syndrome - ANS Small head, round face, flat facial profile.
Slanted eyes and epicanthic fold.
Large tongue, high-arched palate.
Small hands, single palmar crease.
Short stature, wide nose
,Muscles tend to be hypotonic, loose joints.
Delayed developmental stages.
Cognitive impairment ranges from mild to major.
Delayed or incomplete sexual development.
Males infertile.
Females have a lower rate of conception.
What is a macule - ANS a flat lesion that differs in color from surrounding skin (<1 cm in
diameter)
what is urticaria - ANS hives d/t allergic reaction. Raised welts
What causes painful blisters along the spinal nerve root, also burning - ANS shingles
example of an autoimmune disorder - ANS lupus
What are the different stages of pressure ulcers - ANS 1.) Change in skin color 2.) damage to
the top layer of skin 3.) deep damage and goes down to the adipose layer 4.) Severe damage
down to the muscle and the bone
Cells vary in size and shape - ANS dysplasia
Different mitotic cells that are at different mature stages... resp tract of smoker - ANS
Metaplasia
Finding in a pap smear that usually indicates cancer - ANS dysplasia
What is an increase in the size of the cells - ANS hypertrophy
what is an increase in the number of cells - ANS hyperplasia
What is tertiary prevention - ANS Rehabilitative therapies and monitoring of health to prevent
complications or further illness, injury, or disability
Best ways to cope with stress - ANS meditation, rest, healthy diet, exercise, music, deep
breathing
Complications of chronic stress - ANS hypertension, hyperglycemia, depression, heart disease,
weak immune system, type II diabetes
What is it called when colon cancer spreads to liver - ANS metastasis
Active vs Passive Immunity - ANS Active = individual has memory cells - can make their own
antibodies & provides long term immunity
, Passive = person given antibodies, these work then die, no long term immunity, no memory
cells.
Natural Active Immunity - ANS production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of
infection or natural exposure to antigen
Natural Passive Immunity - ANS acquired by a child through placenta and breast milk
artificial active immunity - ANS vaccination
Artificial passive immunity - ANS immunity which results from the administration of antibodies
from
another animal against a dangerous pathogen.
What does anorexia mean - ANS loss of appetite
Signs of local inflammation - ANS swelling, redness, heat, pain, inflammation
Mediators released in the inflammatory response - ANS histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin
(injured cells, pain receptors), leukotrienes
Chronic vs acute inflammation - ANS Chronic: persistent destruction and repair (monocytes);
Acute: neutrophil, eosinophil, antibody mediated
Classification of burns - ANS superficial, superficial partial thickness, deep partial thickness, full
thickness
What is hypersensitivity type II - ANS tissue specific, cytotoxic, or cytolytic hypersensitivity
occurs when antibodies attack antigens on surface of specific cells or tissues; causing lysis
Ex: Transfusion reaction; hemolytic disease of newborn
What immunoglobulin is involved in Type I hypersensitivities - ANS IgE(mast cells and
histamine). causes for immediate release
What makes genetic test appropriate - ANS when there is family history of the disease
What is programmed cell death called - ANS apoptosis
Characteristics of malignant tumors - ANS 1. Rapid Growth
2. Not Encapsulated
3. Invasive
4. Poorly Differentiated Anaplasia
what are some examples of the first line of defense - ANS nonspecific defense, mechanical
barrier, unbroken skin and mucous membrane, secretions such as gastric juice and tears
What is a part of the specific defense system - ANS T-cells
what is specific defense (adaptive) - ANS uniquely tailored responses to specific pathogens
based on antigen identifications
What is nonspecific defense(innate)? - ANS response is the same to any challenge
encountered
Resolvins - ANS inflammatory response to stay longer
What is the chance percentage of children who will get Marfan's Syndrome? - ANS 50%- it is
autosomal dominant
Examples of Autosomal Recessive Disorders - ANS cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, tay sachs
Down syndrome - ANS it is a triple in the 21st chromosome, it is a chromosomal disorder, also
called trisomy
Examples of Autosomal Dominant Disorders - ANS Huntington chorea, marfan syndrome,
polycystic kidney disease
X-linked dominant - ANS fragile x syndrome
X-linked recessive - ANS only affects males, hemophilia A, color blindness, duchenne muscular
dystrophy
What occurs when one is born with only 1 X chromosome - ANS Monosomy X AKA turner
syndrome
what type of disease is sickle cell anemia - ANS autosomal recessive
Characteristics of down syndrome - ANS Small head, round face, flat facial profile.
Slanted eyes and epicanthic fold.
Large tongue, high-arched palate.
Small hands, single palmar crease.
Short stature, wide nose
,Muscles tend to be hypotonic, loose joints.
Delayed developmental stages.
Cognitive impairment ranges from mild to major.
Delayed or incomplete sexual development.
Males infertile.
Females have a lower rate of conception.
What is a macule - ANS a flat lesion that differs in color from surrounding skin (<1 cm in
diameter)
what is urticaria - ANS hives d/t allergic reaction. Raised welts
What causes painful blisters along the spinal nerve root, also burning - ANS shingles
example of an autoimmune disorder - ANS lupus
What are the different stages of pressure ulcers - ANS 1.) Change in skin color 2.) damage to
the top layer of skin 3.) deep damage and goes down to the adipose layer 4.) Severe damage
down to the muscle and the bone
Cells vary in size and shape - ANS dysplasia
Different mitotic cells that are at different mature stages... resp tract of smoker - ANS
Metaplasia
Finding in a pap smear that usually indicates cancer - ANS dysplasia
What is an increase in the size of the cells - ANS hypertrophy
what is an increase in the number of cells - ANS hyperplasia
What is tertiary prevention - ANS Rehabilitative therapies and monitoring of health to prevent
complications or further illness, injury, or disability
Best ways to cope with stress - ANS meditation, rest, healthy diet, exercise, music, deep
breathing
Complications of chronic stress - ANS hypertension, hyperglycemia, depression, heart disease,
weak immune system, type II diabetes
What is it called when colon cancer spreads to liver - ANS metastasis
Active vs Passive Immunity - ANS Active = individual has memory cells - can make their own
antibodies & provides long term immunity
, Passive = person given antibodies, these work then die, no long term immunity, no memory
cells.
Natural Active Immunity - ANS production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of
infection or natural exposure to antigen
Natural Passive Immunity - ANS acquired by a child through placenta and breast milk
artificial active immunity - ANS vaccination
Artificial passive immunity - ANS immunity which results from the administration of antibodies
from
another animal against a dangerous pathogen.
What does anorexia mean - ANS loss of appetite
Signs of local inflammation - ANS swelling, redness, heat, pain, inflammation
Mediators released in the inflammatory response - ANS histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin
(injured cells, pain receptors), leukotrienes
Chronic vs acute inflammation - ANS Chronic: persistent destruction and repair (monocytes);
Acute: neutrophil, eosinophil, antibody mediated
Classification of burns - ANS superficial, superficial partial thickness, deep partial thickness, full
thickness
What is hypersensitivity type II - ANS tissue specific, cytotoxic, or cytolytic hypersensitivity
occurs when antibodies attack antigens on surface of specific cells or tissues; causing lysis
Ex: Transfusion reaction; hemolytic disease of newborn
What immunoglobulin is involved in Type I hypersensitivities - ANS IgE(mast cells and
histamine). causes for immediate release
What makes genetic test appropriate - ANS when there is family history of the disease
What is programmed cell death called - ANS apoptosis
Characteristics of malignant tumors - ANS 1. Rapid Growth
2. Not Encapsulated
3. Invasive
4. Poorly Differentiated Anaplasia
