7
Student:
1. The cognitive developmental theories of Vygotsky, Piaget, and information processing share a focus on
how people
A. think.
B. behave.
C. interact.
D. mature biologically.
2. Which processes are required for effective information processing?
A. metacognition and metamemory
B. thought and behavior
C. attention, memory, and thinking
D. encoding, memory, and emotion
3. The information-processing approach to cognitive development is concerned mainly with
A. the influence of culture on development.
B. how people manipulate, monitor, and manage information.
C. the influence of age on learning.
D. the influence of biology and evolution on an individual's development.
4. According to Siegler, which three mechanisms work together to create changes in children's cognitive
skills?
A. attention, memory, and thinking
B. assimilation, accommodation, and thinking
C. encoding, decoding, and recall
D. encoding, automatization, and strategy construction
5. What is the process by which information gets into memory?
A. encoding
B. attention
C. thinking
D. automaticity
6. Lane is learning to recognize lowercase letters. He is able to do this by ignoring the fact that some
lowercase letters do not look like their uppercase counterparts. This is an example of
A. decoding.
B. encoding.
C. automaticity.
D. memory.
7. Tim is learning about Roman numerals. He the relevant fact that the symbols 5 and V represent the
same numerical value and the irrelevant differences in their shape.
A. remembers; forgets
B. encodes; ignores
C. thinks about; remembers
D. processes; attends to
8. Dallas no longer has to think about each letter in a word as he is reading. This skill is becoming more
automatic, because Dallas
A. practices reading.
B. memorizes every story he reads.
C. focuses his attention.
D. is fully conscious of the process while reading.
,9. Learning to drive a car requires deliberate coordination of mental processes but eventually becomes
nearly effortless. This is the concept of
A. encoding.
B. metacognition.
C. automaticity.
D. strategy construction.
10. The creation of a new procedure for processing information is
A. encoding.
B. automaticity.
C. strategy construction.
D. metacognition.
11. "Knowing about knowing" is called
A. automaticity.
B. metacognition.
C. strategy construction.
D. encoding.
12. Siegler argues that children learn to use what they have learned in the past to adapt their responses to new
situations. This is known as
A. automaticity.
B. the microgenetic method.
C. self-modification.
D. encoding.
13. Which of the following influences what we can do with information according to the information-
processing approach?
A. information-processing speed
B. the cognitive developmental stage the child is in
C. the microgenetic method that is used
D. whether the child has developed metacognitive abilities
14. Which of the following statements accurately describes processing speed?
A. Processing speed decreases dramatically across the childhood years.
B. Processing speed increases dramatically across the childhood years.
C. Processing speed begins declining in adolescence.
D. Processing speed peaks in older adulthood.
15. In Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study, processing speed began to decline in
A. adolescence.
B. early adulthood.
C. middle adulthood.
D. late adulthood.
16. A meta-analysis shows that processing speed begins to decline during
A. late childhood.
B. adolescence.
C. early adulthood.
D. middle adulthood.
17. Which of the following may help older adults slow down the decline in processing speed?
A. health
B. exercise
C. health and exercise
D. whether one continues to drive in late adulthood
,18. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. The decline in processing speed begins in adolescence.
B. The processing speed is constant through our childhood and adolescence.
C. Health and exercise can slow the decline in processing speed.
D. Continued driving during late adulthood can improve processing speed.
19. Stacy is vigilant in watching her baby for any change in her breathing. This is an example of
attention.
A. executive
B. selective
C. divided
D. sustained
20. Attention in infancy to the "what" and "where" are examples of a(n) process.
A. orientating
B. executive attention
C. divided attention
D. joint attention
21. Rob is listening to Katie's anecdote amidst the loud music and laughter of many others at the party. This
is an example of attention.
A. executive
B. selective
C. divided
D. sustained
22. Planning, monitoring, and attending to goals are examples of attention.
A. executive
B. selective
C. divided
D. sustained
23. Monica rotates the presentation of her infant's toys every few minutes, because she doesn't want him to
become bored or
A. dishabituated.
B. habituated.
C. divided in his attention.
D. overstimulated.
24. Ruth is listening to her teacher while ignoring the noise coming from a nearby classroom. Her attention
allocation is
A. sustained.
B. selective.
C. divided.
D. habituated.
25. Jon listens to his favorite CD while studying for tomorrow's exam. This is an example of attention.
A. salient
B. selective
C. divided
D. sustained
26. Joint attention requires all of the following EXCEPT
A. an ability to track another's behavior.
B. verbal dialog between the two parties.
C. one person directing another's attention.
D. reciprocal interaction.
, 27. One-year-old Harry's mother looks outside at a large dog passing by. Harry notices that his mother is
looking at the dog, and starts to look at the dog, too. This is an example of
A. joint attention.
B. selective attention.
C. habituation.
D. divided attention.
28. Baby Emily and her mother often engage in joint attention. Emily will most likely do which of the
following?
A. develop an attention deficit disorder
B. have shorter long-term memory than her age peers
C. say her first word earlier than her age peers
D. develop a narrow vocabulary
29. A Police officer visits Laura's preschool class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention,
the officer brings balloons. Later, Laura tells her parents about the police officer and the balloons but
can't remember any of the discussed safety rules. Laura
A. paid more attention to what was salient.
B. paid more attention to what was relevant.
C. was habituated to the information.
D. was dishabituated to the information.
30. In which of the following areas is preschool children's control of attention deficient?
A. planfulness
B. joint attention
C. implicit memory
D. explicit memory
31. Young children advance in executive attention and sustained attention due, in part, to advances in which
of the following, according to Rothbart and Gartstein (2008)?
A. fine and gross motor skills
B. dramatic increase in information processing speed
C. comprehension and language
D. stability in information processing speed
32. Older adults are frequently characterized as unsafe drivers. Declining driving skills is correlated to an
apparent decrease in
A. executive attention.
B. sustained attention.
C. divided attention.
D. visual attention.
33. The retention of information over time is referred to as
A. strategy construction.
B. encoding.
C. memory.
D. attention.
34. What are the three processes required for memory?
A. sensation, perception, behavior
B. reception, decoding, storage
C. encoding, storage, retrieval
D. input, storage, output
Student:
1. The cognitive developmental theories of Vygotsky, Piaget, and information processing share a focus on
how people
A. think.
B. behave.
C. interact.
D. mature biologically.
2. Which processes are required for effective information processing?
A. metacognition and metamemory
B. thought and behavior
C. attention, memory, and thinking
D. encoding, memory, and emotion
3. The information-processing approach to cognitive development is concerned mainly with
A. the influence of culture on development.
B. how people manipulate, monitor, and manage information.
C. the influence of age on learning.
D. the influence of biology and evolution on an individual's development.
4. According to Siegler, which three mechanisms work together to create changes in children's cognitive
skills?
A. attention, memory, and thinking
B. assimilation, accommodation, and thinking
C. encoding, decoding, and recall
D. encoding, automatization, and strategy construction
5. What is the process by which information gets into memory?
A. encoding
B. attention
C. thinking
D. automaticity
6. Lane is learning to recognize lowercase letters. He is able to do this by ignoring the fact that some
lowercase letters do not look like their uppercase counterparts. This is an example of
A. decoding.
B. encoding.
C. automaticity.
D. memory.
7. Tim is learning about Roman numerals. He the relevant fact that the symbols 5 and V represent the
same numerical value and the irrelevant differences in their shape.
A. remembers; forgets
B. encodes; ignores
C. thinks about; remembers
D. processes; attends to
8. Dallas no longer has to think about each letter in a word as he is reading. This skill is becoming more
automatic, because Dallas
A. practices reading.
B. memorizes every story he reads.
C. focuses his attention.
D. is fully conscious of the process while reading.
,9. Learning to drive a car requires deliberate coordination of mental processes but eventually becomes
nearly effortless. This is the concept of
A. encoding.
B. metacognition.
C. automaticity.
D. strategy construction.
10. The creation of a new procedure for processing information is
A. encoding.
B. automaticity.
C. strategy construction.
D. metacognition.
11. "Knowing about knowing" is called
A. automaticity.
B. metacognition.
C. strategy construction.
D. encoding.
12. Siegler argues that children learn to use what they have learned in the past to adapt their responses to new
situations. This is known as
A. automaticity.
B. the microgenetic method.
C. self-modification.
D. encoding.
13. Which of the following influences what we can do with information according to the information-
processing approach?
A. information-processing speed
B. the cognitive developmental stage the child is in
C. the microgenetic method that is used
D. whether the child has developed metacognitive abilities
14. Which of the following statements accurately describes processing speed?
A. Processing speed decreases dramatically across the childhood years.
B. Processing speed increases dramatically across the childhood years.
C. Processing speed begins declining in adolescence.
D. Processing speed peaks in older adulthood.
15. In Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study, processing speed began to decline in
A. adolescence.
B. early adulthood.
C. middle adulthood.
D. late adulthood.
16. A meta-analysis shows that processing speed begins to decline during
A. late childhood.
B. adolescence.
C. early adulthood.
D. middle adulthood.
17. Which of the following may help older adults slow down the decline in processing speed?
A. health
B. exercise
C. health and exercise
D. whether one continues to drive in late adulthood
,18. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. The decline in processing speed begins in adolescence.
B. The processing speed is constant through our childhood and adolescence.
C. Health and exercise can slow the decline in processing speed.
D. Continued driving during late adulthood can improve processing speed.
19. Stacy is vigilant in watching her baby for any change in her breathing. This is an example of
attention.
A. executive
B. selective
C. divided
D. sustained
20. Attention in infancy to the "what" and "where" are examples of a(n) process.
A. orientating
B. executive attention
C. divided attention
D. joint attention
21. Rob is listening to Katie's anecdote amidst the loud music and laughter of many others at the party. This
is an example of attention.
A. executive
B. selective
C. divided
D. sustained
22. Planning, monitoring, and attending to goals are examples of attention.
A. executive
B. selective
C. divided
D. sustained
23. Monica rotates the presentation of her infant's toys every few minutes, because she doesn't want him to
become bored or
A. dishabituated.
B. habituated.
C. divided in his attention.
D. overstimulated.
24. Ruth is listening to her teacher while ignoring the noise coming from a nearby classroom. Her attention
allocation is
A. sustained.
B. selective.
C. divided.
D. habituated.
25. Jon listens to his favorite CD while studying for tomorrow's exam. This is an example of attention.
A. salient
B. selective
C. divided
D. sustained
26. Joint attention requires all of the following EXCEPT
A. an ability to track another's behavior.
B. verbal dialog between the two parties.
C. one person directing another's attention.
D. reciprocal interaction.
, 27. One-year-old Harry's mother looks outside at a large dog passing by. Harry notices that his mother is
looking at the dog, and starts to look at the dog, too. This is an example of
A. joint attention.
B. selective attention.
C. habituation.
D. divided attention.
28. Baby Emily and her mother often engage in joint attention. Emily will most likely do which of the
following?
A. develop an attention deficit disorder
B. have shorter long-term memory than her age peers
C. say her first word earlier than her age peers
D. develop a narrow vocabulary
29. A Police officer visits Laura's preschool class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention,
the officer brings balloons. Later, Laura tells her parents about the police officer and the balloons but
can't remember any of the discussed safety rules. Laura
A. paid more attention to what was salient.
B. paid more attention to what was relevant.
C. was habituated to the information.
D. was dishabituated to the information.
30. In which of the following areas is preschool children's control of attention deficient?
A. planfulness
B. joint attention
C. implicit memory
D. explicit memory
31. Young children advance in executive attention and sustained attention due, in part, to advances in which
of the following, according to Rothbart and Gartstein (2008)?
A. fine and gross motor skills
B. dramatic increase in information processing speed
C. comprehension and language
D. stability in information processing speed
32. Older adults are frequently characterized as unsafe drivers. Declining driving skills is correlated to an
apparent decrease in
A. executive attention.
B. sustained attention.
C. divided attention.
D. visual attention.
33. The retention of information over time is referred to as
A. strategy construction.
B. encoding.
C. memory.
D. attention.
34. What are the three processes required for memory?
A. sensation, perception, behavior
B. reception, decoding, storage
C. encoding, storage, retrieval
D. input, storage, output
