The answers are in bold. Good luck in your exam.
Cellular Function and Injury
1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of apoptosis?
o A. Programmed cell death
o B. Inflammatory response
o C. No adjacent tissue damage
o D. Cell shrinkage
2. Which type of cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?
o A. Hyperplasia
o B. Hypertrophy
o C. Atrophy
o D. Metaplasia
3. What is the primary cause of hypoxic cell injury?
o A. Free radicals
o B. Reduced oxygen delivery
o C. Chemical toxins
o D. Genetic mutations
4. Which of the following is a common manifestation of cellular injury?
o A. Accumulation of intracellular calcium
o B. Increased ATP production
o C. Decreased cell membrane permeability
o D. Enhanced protein synthesis
5. Which type of necrosis is characterized by the formation of a cheesy material?
o A. Coagulative necrosis
o B. Liquefactive necrosis
, o C. Caseous necrosis
o D. Fat necrosis
Inflammation and Immunity
6. Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
o A. Redness (rubor)
o B. Swelling (tumor)
o C. Heat (calor)
o D. Numbness
7. What is the primary function of histamine in the inflammatory response?
o A. Attracting neutrophils
o B. Increasing vascular permeability
o C. Promoting phagocytosis
o D. Stimulating fibroblast activity
8. Which type of immunity is mediated by antibodies?
o A. Cell-mediated immunity
o B. Humoral immunity
o C. Innate immunity
o D. Passive immunity
9. Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant in the blood?
o A. IgA
o B. IgE
o C. IgG
o D. IgM
10. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in anaphylaxis?
o A. Type I
, o B. Type II
o C. Type III
o D. Type IV
Genetics and Genomics
11. What is the term for the complete set of an organism's DNA?
o A. Gene
o B. Chromosome
o C. Genome
o D. Allele
12. Which genetic disorder is caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21?
o A. Turner syndrome
o B. Klinefelter syndrome
o C. Down syndrome
o D. Cystic fibrosis
13. What is the pattern of inheritance for autosomal dominant disorders?
o A. Affected individuals have two copies of the mutated gene
o B. Affected individuals have one copy of the mutated gene
o C. Males are more likely to be affected than females
o D. The disorder skips generations
14. Which of the following is an example of a multifactorial disorder?
o A. Huntington's disease
o B. Hemophilia A
o C. Diabetes mellitus
o D. Sickle cell anemia
15. What is the purpose of genetic testing?
, o A. To cure genetic disorders
o B. To prevent all genetic disorders
o C. To identify individuals at risk for genetic disorders
o D. To alter an individual's genetic makeup
Neoplasia
16. What is the term for a malignant tumor of epithelial origin?
o A. Sarcoma
o B. Carcinoma
o C. Lymphoma
o D. Leukemia
17. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of malignant tumors?
o A. Rapid growth
o B. Invasive
o C. Well-differentiated
o D. Metastasis
18. What is the process by which cancer cells spread to distant sites?
o A. Angiogenesis
o B. Metastasis
o C. Apoptosis
o D. Differentiation
19. Which of the following is a known carcinogen?
o A. Tobacco smoke
o B. Sunlight
o C. Radiation
o D. All of the above
Cellular Function and Injury
1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of apoptosis?
o A. Programmed cell death
o B. Inflammatory response
o C. No adjacent tissue damage
o D. Cell shrinkage
2. Which type of cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?
o A. Hyperplasia
o B. Hypertrophy
o C. Atrophy
o D. Metaplasia
3. What is the primary cause of hypoxic cell injury?
o A. Free radicals
o B. Reduced oxygen delivery
o C. Chemical toxins
o D. Genetic mutations
4. Which of the following is a common manifestation of cellular injury?
o A. Accumulation of intracellular calcium
o B. Increased ATP production
o C. Decreased cell membrane permeability
o D. Enhanced protein synthesis
5. Which type of necrosis is characterized by the formation of a cheesy material?
o A. Coagulative necrosis
o B. Liquefactive necrosis
, o C. Caseous necrosis
o D. Fat necrosis
Inflammation and Immunity
6. Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
o A. Redness (rubor)
o B. Swelling (tumor)
o C. Heat (calor)
o D. Numbness
7. What is the primary function of histamine in the inflammatory response?
o A. Attracting neutrophils
o B. Increasing vascular permeability
o C. Promoting phagocytosis
o D. Stimulating fibroblast activity
8. Which type of immunity is mediated by antibodies?
o A. Cell-mediated immunity
o B. Humoral immunity
o C. Innate immunity
o D. Passive immunity
9. Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant in the blood?
o A. IgA
o B. IgE
o C. IgG
o D. IgM
10. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in anaphylaxis?
o A. Type I
, o B. Type II
o C. Type III
o D. Type IV
Genetics and Genomics
11. What is the term for the complete set of an organism's DNA?
o A. Gene
o B. Chromosome
o C. Genome
o D. Allele
12. Which genetic disorder is caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21?
o A. Turner syndrome
o B. Klinefelter syndrome
o C. Down syndrome
o D. Cystic fibrosis
13. What is the pattern of inheritance for autosomal dominant disorders?
o A. Affected individuals have two copies of the mutated gene
o B. Affected individuals have one copy of the mutated gene
o C. Males are more likely to be affected than females
o D. The disorder skips generations
14. Which of the following is an example of a multifactorial disorder?
o A. Huntington's disease
o B. Hemophilia A
o C. Diabetes mellitus
o D. Sickle cell anemia
15. What is the purpose of genetic testing?
, o A. To cure genetic disorders
o B. To prevent all genetic disorders
o C. To identify individuals at risk for genetic disorders
o D. To alter an individual's genetic makeup
Neoplasia
16. What is the term for a malignant tumor of epithelial origin?
o A. Sarcoma
o B. Carcinoma
o C. Lymphoma
o D. Leukemia
17. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of malignant tumors?
o A. Rapid growth
o B. Invasive
o C. Well-differentiated
o D. Metastasis
18. What is the process by which cancer cells spread to distant sites?
o A. Angiogenesis
o B. Metastasis
o C. Apoptosis
o D. Differentiation
19. Which of the following is a known carcinogen?
o A. Tobacco smoke
o B. Sunlight
o C. Radiation
o D. All of the above
