NUR 412- Epidemiology Midterm Exam
Questions and Correct Answers
Goals of Healthy People 2030 ✅-high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease,
disability, injury & premature death
-health equity, eliminate disparities, & improve the health of all groups
-social & physical environments that promote good health for all
-quality of life, healthy development, & healthy behaviors across all life stages
What does HP 2030 emphasize? ✅emphasizes population health in its mission
-identify nationwide health improvement priorities
-increase public awareness & understanding of the determinants of health, disease, &
disability & opportunities for progress
-provide measurable objectives & goals that are applicable at the national, state, & local
levels
-engage multiple sectors to take actions to strengthen policies and improve evidence-
based practices
-identify critical research, evaluation, & data collection needs
The Friedens Health Impact Pyramid= ✅a useful framework for identifying the many
ways we can support communities
*ways to address determinants
*want to aim efforts at bottom of pyramid
Friedens Health Impact Pyramid ✅1. Socioeconomic factors (poverty, education,
housing, inequality)
2. Changing the context to make individuals' default decision healthy
(fluoridation, smoke-free laws, tobacco tax)
3. Long-lasting protective interventions (vaccines, smoking cessation, colonoscopy)
4. Clinical interventions (medicine for high BP, Diabetes)
,5. Counseling and education (eat healthy and exercise)
The HIGHER you go on the pyramid, the __________ impact & _______ individual
effort needed ✅-smaller impact
-more individual effort needed
The LOWER you go on the pyramid, the __________ impact & _________ individual
effort needed ✅-larger impact
-less individual effort needed
EX) receiving the flu vaccine= ✅3
long-lasting, protective interventions
EX) eradicating poverty= ✅1
socioeconomic factors
EX) eliminating supersized beverages= ✅2
changing the context to make the healthy choice the default
EX) clean water & sanitation projects= ✅1
-socioeconomic factors
-changing the context to make the healthy choice the default
EX) nutritional consultation= ✅5
counseling and education
EX) improving housing options= ✅1
socioeconomic
Primary prevention: ✅efforts to keep illness or injury from occurring
EX) vaccines, education, and encourage older individuals to have chair in shower to
prevent falls
Secondary prevention: ✅efforts to detect & treat existing disease before its
symptomatic
EX) HTN; mammogram; cholesterol (detect early signs of something)
Tertiary prevention: ✅reduce the extent & severity of a health problem to its lowest
possible level to minimize disability & restore or preserve function
EX) rehab after stroke; mastectomy; post-exercise program to restore movement &
functioning
, What do you want to focus on? ✅primary prevention rather than tertiary
What is an example of secondary prevention?
A. Planning an educational program on healthy lifestyle
B. Discussing healthy menu planning with diabetic clients
C. Providing skin testing for tuberculosis (PPD) to the homeless
D. Transporting clients to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings ✅C. Providing skin
testing for tuberculosis (PPD) to the homeless
Secondary prevention involves efforts to detect & treat existing health problems at the
earliest possible stage, when disease or impairment is already present or among high-
risk populations.
d= tertiary
a= primary
b= tertiary
Which activity would reflect a community health nurse working at the primary prevention
level?
A. Teaching safe sex practices to teenagers
B. Performing adult hypertension screening
C. Encouraging women to do breast self-examination
D. Helping with a postmastectomy exercise program ✅A. Teaching safe sex practices
to teenagers
•Performing hypertension screening & encouraging breast self-exam are examples of
secondary prevention level activities.
•A postmastectomy exercise program would be an example of a tertiary prevention level
activity.
Core Function of Public Health ✅-assessment
-policy development
-assurance
Assessment ✅Systematic collection, analysis, & sharing of information about health
conditions, risks, & resources in a community
Questions and Correct Answers
Goals of Healthy People 2030 ✅-high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease,
disability, injury & premature death
-health equity, eliminate disparities, & improve the health of all groups
-social & physical environments that promote good health for all
-quality of life, healthy development, & healthy behaviors across all life stages
What does HP 2030 emphasize? ✅emphasizes population health in its mission
-identify nationwide health improvement priorities
-increase public awareness & understanding of the determinants of health, disease, &
disability & opportunities for progress
-provide measurable objectives & goals that are applicable at the national, state, & local
levels
-engage multiple sectors to take actions to strengthen policies and improve evidence-
based practices
-identify critical research, evaluation, & data collection needs
The Friedens Health Impact Pyramid= ✅a useful framework for identifying the many
ways we can support communities
*ways to address determinants
*want to aim efforts at bottom of pyramid
Friedens Health Impact Pyramid ✅1. Socioeconomic factors (poverty, education,
housing, inequality)
2. Changing the context to make individuals' default decision healthy
(fluoridation, smoke-free laws, tobacco tax)
3. Long-lasting protective interventions (vaccines, smoking cessation, colonoscopy)
4. Clinical interventions (medicine for high BP, Diabetes)
,5. Counseling and education (eat healthy and exercise)
The HIGHER you go on the pyramid, the __________ impact & _______ individual
effort needed ✅-smaller impact
-more individual effort needed
The LOWER you go on the pyramid, the __________ impact & _________ individual
effort needed ✅-larger impact
-less individual effort needed
EX) receiving the flu vaccine= ✅3
long-lasting, protective interventions
EX) eradicating poverty= ✅1
socioeconomic factors
EX) eliminating supersized beverages= ✅2
changing the context to make the healthy choice the default
EX) clean water & sanitation projects= ✅1
-socioeconomic factors
-changing the context to make the healthy choice the default
EX) nutritional consultation= ✅5
counseling and education
EX) improving housing options= ✅1
socioeconomic
Primary prevention: ✅efforts to keep illness or injury from occurring
EX) vaccines, education, and encourage older individuals to have chair in shower to
prevent falls
Secondary prevention: ✅efforts to detect & treat existing disease before its
symptomatic
EX) HTN; mammogram; cholesterol (detect early signs of something)
Tertiary prevention: ✅reduce the extent & severity of a health problem to its lowest
possible level to minimize disability & restore or preserve function
EX) rehab after stroke; mastectomy; post-exercise program to restore movement &
functioning
, What do you want to focus on? ✅primary prevention rather than tertiary
What is an example of secondary prevention?
A. Planning an educational program on healthy lifestyle
B. Discussing healthy menu planning with diabetic clients
C. Providing skin testing for tuberculosis (PPD) to the homeless
D. Transporting clients to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings ✅C. Providing skin
testing for tuberculosis (PPD) to the homeless
Secondary prevention involves efforts to detect & treat existing health problems at the
earliest possible stage, when disease or impairment is already present or among high-
risk populations.
d= tertiary
a= primary
b= tertiary
Which activity would reflect a community health nurse working at the primary prevention
level?
A. Teaching safe sex practices to teenagers
B. Performing adult hypertension screening
C. Encouraging women to do breast self-examination
D. Helping with a postmastectomy exercise program ✅A. Teaching safe sex practices
to teenagers
•Performing hypertension screening & encouraging breast self-exam are examples of
secondary prevention level activities.
•A postmastectomy exercise program would be an example of a tertiary prevention level
activity.
Core Function of Public Health ✅-assessment
-policy development
-assurance
Assessment ✅Systematic collection, analysis, & sharing of information about health
conditions, risks, & resources in a community
