NU 545 Unit 2 Study Guide
Review the anatomy of the brain. Which portion is responsible for keeping you awake,
controlling thought, speech, emotions and behavior, maintaining balance and posture? - ANS
Awake: Reticular Formation (Brainstem)
Thought: Prefrontal Area
Speech: Broca's Speech/Wernicke's Area
Emotion/Behavior: Hypothalamus
Balance/Posture: Cerebellum
What part of the brain must be functioning for cognitive operations? - ANS Reticular activating
system
Discuss the types of midbrain dysfunction and its physical symptoms. - ANS movement
disorders
difficulty w/ vision and hearing
memory trouble
--Parkinsonism & schizophrenia--
Know the function of the arachnoid villi. - ANS one-way valve directing CSF outflow into the
blood, but preventing blood into the subarachnoid space
What is the function of the CSF? Where is it produced? Where is it absorbed? - ANS protect
intracranial and spinal cord structures from jolts
prevent brain from tugging on meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels
choroid plexus produces CSF
absorbed into circulation through arachnoid villi
Review blood flow to the brain. - ANS CO2>> primary regulator of blood flow
internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries
Circle of Willis
What is the gate control theory of pain? - ANS substantia gelatinosa>> regulates pain
transmission from nociceptors (pain) and non-nociceptors (touch)>>touch inhibits pain
Know the type of nerve fibers that transmit pain impulses. - ANS nociceptors
A-delta: sharp, localized, fast pain
C-fibers: dull, ache, burn, slow m
A-beta: touch and vibration>>no pain, but modulate
, What are the two types of fibers that transmit the nerve action potentials generated by excitation
of any of the nociceptors. - ANS A-delta: mechano nociceptors // mechano thermal nociceptors
C fibers: stimulated by nociceptors
Where in the CNS does pain perception occur? - ANS Reticular system
Limbic system
Cerebral cortex
Know different clinical descriptions of pain (acute, chronic, neuropathic); pain
threshold/tolerance - ANS
Acute pain - ANS normal nociceptive response prompting person to relieve immediately
lasts seconds>>days>>3 months
somatic, visceral, referred
Chronic pain - ANS pain lasting longer than 3-6 months
ongoing: low back pain
intermittent: migraines
Neuropathic pain - ANS chronic pain d/t lesion or dysfunction in nervous system>>abnormal
processing of sensory info
Pain threshold - ANS Point at which a stimulus is perceived as pain
Decreased w/ repeated exposure
Pain tolerance - ANS Duration of pain intensity/time that person will endure before exhibiting
s/s pain
Know endogenous opioids. - ANS Morphine-like neuropeptides>>inhibit transmission of pain
impulses
4 types:
Enkephalins
Endorphins
Dynorphins
Endomorphins
Enkephalins - ANS most prevalent of natural opioids
What is the relationship between epinephrine and body temperature? - ANS Epinephrine
causes vasoconstriction, stimulates glycolysis, increases metabolic rate>>increases body heat
Endorphins - ANS produces greatest sense of exhilaration
provides substantial natural pain relief
Review the anatomy of the brain. Which portion is responsible for keeping you awake,
controlling thought, speech, emotions and behavior, maintaining balance and posture? - ANS
Awake: Reticular Formation (Brainstem)
Thought: Prefrontal Area
Speech: Broca's Speech/Wernicke's Area
Emotion/Behavior: Hypothalamus
Balance/Posture: Cerebellum
What part of the brain must be functioning for cognitive operations? - ANS Reticular activating
system
Discuss the types of midbrain dysfunction and its physical symptoms. - ANS movement
disorders
difficulty w/ vision and hearing
memory trouble
--Parkinsonism & schizophrenia--
Know the function of the arachnoid villi. - ANS one-way valve directing CSF outflow into the
blood, but preventing blood into the subarachnoid space
What is the function of the CSF? Where is it produced? Where is it absorbed? - ANS protect
intracranial and spinal cord structures from jolts
prevent brain from tugging on meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels
choroid plexus produces CSF
absorbed into circulation through arachnoid villi
Review blood flow to the brain. - ANS CO2>> primary regulator of blood flow
internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries
Circle of Willis
What is the gate control theory of pain? - ANS substantia gelatinosa>> regulates pain
transmission from nociceptors (pain) and non-nociceptors (touch)>>touch inhibits pain
Know the type of nerve fibers that transmit pain impulses. - ANS nociceptors
A-delta: sharp, localized, fast pain
C-fibers: dull, ache, burn, slow m
A-beta: touch and vibration>>no pain, but modulate
, What are the two types of fibers that transmit the nerve action potentials generated by excitation
of any of the nociceptors. - ANS A-delta: mechano nociceptors // mechano thermal nociceptors
C fibers: stimulated by nociceptors
Where in the CNS does pain perception occur? - ANS Reticular system
Limbic system
Cerebral cortex
Know different clinical descriptions of pain (acute, chronic, neuropathic); pain
threshold/tolerance - ANS
Acute pain - ANS normal nociceptive response prompting person to relieve immediately
lasts seconds>>days>>3 months
somatic, visceral, referred
Chronic pain - ANS pain lasting longer than 3-6 months
ongoing: low back pain
intermittent: migraines
Neuropathic pain - ANS chronic pain d/t lesion or dysfunction in nervous system>>abnormal
processing of sensory info
Pain threshold - ANS Point at which a stimulus is perceived as pain
Decreased w/ repeated exposure
Pain tolerance - ANS Duration of pain intensity/time that person will endure before exhibiting
s/s pain
Know endogenous opioids. - ANS Morphine-like neuropeptides>>inhibit transmission of pain
impulses
4 types:
Enkephalins
Endorphins
Dynorphins
Endomorphins
Enkephalins - ANS most prevalent of natural opioids
What is the relationship between epinephrine and body temperature? - ANS Epinephrine
causes vasoconstriction, stimulates glycolysis, increases metabolic rate>>increases body heat
Endorphins - ANS produces greatest sense of exhilaration
provides substantial natural pain relief
