SPCE 609 Final Exam Latest 2024/2025;(80) Questions and Answers Graded A+

SPCE 609 Final Exam Latest 2024/2025;(80) Questions and Answers Graded A+ SPCE 609 Final Exam Latest 2024/2025;(80) Questions and Answers Graded A+ 1) A is behavior that is elicited by a biologically relevant stimulus while a/an is behavior controlled by its consequences. Reflex; operant Reflex; respondent Operant; respondent Respondent; voluntary 2) Which of the following is not an example of operant conditioning: A baby smiling at its parent after having been picked up for smiling in the past Flinching slightly when the nurse tells you that they are about to give you a shot A rat pressing a lever that has produced food in the past Pressing the keys on the joystick in a pattern that produces a "combo" on a video game 3) The behavior of an organism: Is everything an organism does, including thinking and feeling Is everything an organism does, including biologial processes such as digestion Focuses only on overt actions that can be measured by an outsider Includes the behaviors of organisms around the target organisms 4) In terms of the reversal design and behavioral experiments: The B-phase is the experimental manipulation The A-phase is called the baseline All of these The design is used in single-subject experiments 5) Learning refers to: The maintenance of behavior The change in behavior as a result of events All of these The acquisition of behavior 6) Any stimulus (or event) that follows a response and increases its frequency is said to have: A reinforcement function A discrminant function A conditioned-stimulus function A consequence function 7) A(n) refers to all of the forms of a behavior that have a similar function. Reinforcement history Operant Respondent Response class 8) Max conducted a study in which he moved the recycling bin in the hallway close to the classroom door for a week and then a week with the recycling bin about 10 feet from the door of the classroom. The trash bin remained constant at about 5 feet from the classroom door. At the end of each day, Max measured the amount of recycling in the bin. What is the dependent variable for this study? The amount of trash in the recycling bin The location of the trash can The amount of trash in the regular garbage The location of the recycling bin 9) The idea that successful behaviors will increase in likelihood while unsuccessful behaviors will decrease in likelihood was first described in: Watson's stimulus-response psychology Skinner's idea of selection by consequences Pavlov's work on conditioned reflexes Thorndike's law of effect. 10) Behavior analysts recognize the importance of , but tend to focus more on . Biology; environment Environment; evolution Biology; evolution Environment; biology 11) According to a behavior analyst, thinking is: A variable that can directly influence behavior, independent of what is going on in the environment Private behavior that can be explained using the same principles as public behavior A special case of behavior that is controlled entirely by stimuli inside the organism A reflexive response to an external environmental stimulus only 12) In operant conditioning, a stimulus that reliably precedes an operant response (SD) is said to: Reinforce the response Elicit the response Punish the response Set the occasion for the response 13) According to Baer, Wolf, and Risley (1968), what is the difference between basic and applied behavior analysis? Applied research looks at variables that could improve behavior Basic research is likely to look at any behavior and any variable Basic research is likely to look at any behavior and and variable, and applied research looks at variables that could improve behavior None of these 14) Skinner argued that internal events such as feelings, thoughts, and intentions: Are behaviors that need to be explained Are unimportant Should be ignored Are often causes of our behavior 15) The term refers to behavior that is elicited and the term refers to behavior that is emitted: Flexible; reflexive Respondent; operant Reflexive; flexible Operant; respondent 16) Consider the following example: "Bob is running late for work so he drives faster than usual. As a result of his increased speed, Bob is pulled over by a police officer and receives a ticket. The next time Bob is running late for work he drives the correct speed." This is an example of . Negative punishment Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Positive punishment 17) Shaping of behavior involves: The molding of a response class by the physical arrangement of the operant chamber None of the above Withholding and giving food for correct performance of a specified level of response Reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the final performance 18) What defines a contingency of reinforcement? Operant Reinforcement Discriminative stimulus All of these 19) William (1959) found that the bedtime tantrum behavior of a 20- month-old was maintained by and the parents' behavior of giving in to the tantrum was maintained by . Positive reinforcement; positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement; negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement 20) Consider the following example: "Joanne is very fair skinned. In order to not get sunburned, she puts on sunscreen before she goes to the beach." This is an example of . Positive reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment Negative reinforcement. 21) In order to treat her son's frequent tantrums while out shopping, Ruby put his tantrum behavior on extinction by refusing to buy any treats when he tantrums in the store. This works and her son does not tantrum any more while shopping. Then, suddenly, the tantrum behavior reappears one day while they are out shopping. This reappearance of the previously extinguished behavior is an example of: Generalization Extinction burst Spontaneous recovery Reappearance 22) Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic contingencies? Positive extinction Negative punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement 23) Behavioral momentum: Refers to the higher rate of behavior observed in ratio schedules compared to interval schedules Refers to behavior that persist or continues in the presence of a stimulus for reinforcement despite disruptive factors Refers to the tendency for behavior that is intermittently reinforced to be more resistant to extinction than behavior on continuous reinforcement Refers to the high rate of behavior observed on variable schedules compared to fixed schedules of reinforcement 24) Mex finds that his new dog will work really hard for bites of a doggy treat at the beginning of a training session, but appears to lose interest in the treats the more that Max gives to him. This is an example of: Deprivation Satiation Generalization Extinction 25) One of the main criticisms of behavioral rewards and reinforcement is the idea that . Internal rewards will lead to lower intrinsic motivation External rewards will lead to lower intrinsic motivation External rewards will lead to higher intrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation will not be effected by external motivation 26) In the television show The Office, Jim pranks his coworker Dwight by repeatedly playing a sound on his computer and then immediately offering Dwight a strong breath mint. After several days of this, Dwight immediately holds out his hand when the computer beeps and reports that he has a bad taste in his mouth. In this (fake) demonstration of learning: Both holding out his hand and salivating are respondent behaviors Holding out his hand is a respondent behavior and salivating is an operant behavior Both holding out his hand and salivating are operant behaviors Holding out his hand is an operant behavior and salivating is a respondent behavior 27) If food is presented every time a pigeon pecks a key, then the behavior is on a schedule of reinforcement. Ratio Concurrent Continuous Interval 28) Variable-ratio schedules generate: Break-and-run performance High rates of response Postreinforement pauses Locked rates 29) Maria is paid on Friday, every two weeks. This is an example of a schedule of reinforcement. Fixed-ratio Variable-ratio Variable-interbal Fixed-interval 30) When considering ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement: Rate of responding is equal To get the highest rate of responding the researcher must alternate between ratio and interval schedules Interval schedules produce a higher rate of response Ratio schedules produce a higher rate of response. 31) Which of the following outcomes suggests that social exclusion itself is found to trigger aggressive behavior? Participants given a general social reinforcer after being insulted lessened the level of the aversive noise used Insulted partcipants in a study directed high levels of aversive noise at other participants they thought had socially excluded them. Insulted participants in a study directed high levels of noise at other participants, even when they knew the insult came from someone else The level of aversive stimulation directed at other participants was high in all conditions, no matter the source of the insult or the availability of social reinforcement 32) The operant procedure of fading involves: Gradually changing the response requirement for reinforcement Gradually changing the value or dimensions of a controlling stimulus Gradually introducing a new stimulus into the context Gradually removing the reinforcement that maintains a behavior 33) Francine is disruptive to the class by talking to the students around her. The classroom teacher asks Francine to move to the far corner of the classroom, away from other students. This is an example of: Non-exclusionary timeout Overcorrection Social exclusion Exclusion timeout 34) Consider the following example: "Paige got a ticket for littering. As a result, she has to pick up trash along the highway for at least 20 hours." This is an example of . Timeout procedure Overcorrection Negative punishment Response cost procedure 35) Which of the following would we expect from a participant that passes a test for generalized identity matching? They correctly match to sample for learned exemplars and do not responds when novel exemplars are presented They can respond to multiple forms of address such as "you," their name, or pointing They are able to recognize themselves in multiple contexts (such as pictures or a mirror) They can correctly match to sample when novel exemplars are presented 36) Azrin, Holz, and Hake's (1963) study on punishment and food deprivation in pigeons demonstrated that: The efficacy of the punisher remained constant regardless of the level of deprivation The more food deprived the pigeons were, the higher the efficacy of the punisher The type of food reward in relation to deprivation changes the efficacy of the punisher The more food deprived the pigeons were, the lower the efficacy of the punisher 37) For learned helplessness, pre-exposure to escape the helplessness brought on by aversive stimulation: Augments; expected Causes; excessive Enhances; noncontingent Blocks; inescapable 38) A shaping procedure whereby control gradually changes from one element to another is called . Conditional discrimination Fading Approximation Transfer 39) Punishers that have to be used repeatedly indicate: That they are doing their job and should be continued That while they are effective, they should be discontinued That they should be gradually intensified and their use continued That they are ineffective and should be discontinued 40) Which of the following environmental changes most influences responding during a timeout from avoidance procedure? The reduction in overall frequency of the aversive event The stimulus change signaling the onset of the timeout period The reduction in response effort during the timeout period The increased availability of food during the timeout period 41) One possible drawback of the errorless training method is: This method has not be generalized to humans When the reinforcement contingency is changed, the organism often continues to respond based on their initial training This method discourages stimulus discrimination and promotes generalization The organism is much more prone to the effects of extinction 42) When an is presented, the probability of a response increases. When an is presented, the probability of response decreases. SD followed by a S-delta; S-delta followed by a SD SD; S-delta S-delta; SD S-delta followed by a SD; SD followed by a S-delta 43) Considering evidence gained by experimental behavior analysis, introducing spanking at a low intensity and gradually increasing intensity: Is an effective approach to reducing the problem behavior Eventually creates a situation where an unreasonable intensity is necessary Is more effective than maintaining a single intensity Is not as effective as maintaining a low intensity 44) Concept formation studies demonstrate that nonhuman animals: Can learn to differentiate between concrete relative differences between objects (such as bigger, smaller) Can learn basic categories, such as shape or color, but cannot learn more abstract concepts Can be trained to respond to abstract properties of objects (such as humanness, gender) Cannot form general categories, but must learn about each stimulus individually 45) An SΔ sets the occasion upon which a response is reinforced. Always Maybe Sometimes Never 46) A child attempting to repeat sounds their parents make can be explained by: Social conditioning that involves reinforcement from the parents Social conditioning through the intrinsic reward a child gets by engaging in language Respondent conditioning that occurs by the child receiving food and nourishment that strengthens their want to please their parent Parent conditioning that involves the reinforcement the parent gives in the form of attention 47) To investigate choice and preference, it is important that the organism be presented with schedules of reinforcement. Simultaneous Concurrent Ordinal Interval 48) As relative rate of reinforcement , the relative rate of response . Increases; increases Decreases; increases Decreases; decreases Increases; decreases 49) A rat placed in a chamber with two response levers, each operating on a variable-interval schedule and with one that pays off approximately 5 reinforcers per minute and a second that pays off approximately 10 reinforcers per minute, will most likely distribute its behavior as: 50% of responses to the lever that gives 10 reinforcers per minute 67% of responses to the lever that gives 10 reinforcers per minute 75% of responses to the levers that gives 10 reinforcers per minute 100% of responses to the lever that gives 10 reinforcers per minute 50) According to Skinner (1953), a generalized conditioned reinforcer: Is produced by backward chaining of the unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers Is extremely useful because it can be carried around and made contingent on behavior Is produced by pairing a conditioned reinforcer with more than one unconditioned reinforcer Is not very useful because it relies on the momentary deprivation/satiation of the organism 51) Token economies are most effective at maintaining behavior after the treatment program ends when they: Are focused on more than two or three target behaviors Are slowly and systematically faded Include frequent token exchange periods Include a variety of different reinforcers that can be "purchased" with tokens 52) From a behavior analysis standpoint, drug addiction is the product of . Biological predisposition to disease Respndent choice Operant choice An interaction between operant and respondent learning 53) Using the matching relation, predict the distribution of responses between a key with a fixed-ratio 40 requirement and one with a fixed-ratio 60: 100% of responses to the fixed-ratio 40 schedule 60% of the responses to the fixed-ratio 49 schedule 50% of responses to the fixed-ratio 40 schedule 40% of responses to the fixed-ratio 40 schedule 54) Saying "This is a fat cat" to the spoken stimulus "This is a fat cat" is an example of a(n): Echoic response Intraverbal response Repetitive response Textual response 55) Which of the following is NOT one of the five categories of autoclitics discussed by Skinner: Descriptive Quantifying Qualifying Formal 56) Behavioral economics involves the use of . Economic factors to predict animal behavior Economic principles to describe and analyze behavioral choice Economic indicators when pigeons are trading goods and services Economic satisfaction due to reinforcement 57) On a chain schedule of reinforcement, the longer the delay between the SD and the unconditioned reinforcement: The greater the stimulus control The less the value of the unconditioned reinforcer The less effective the SD as a conditioned reinforcer The more the value of the unconditioned reinforcer 58) For Skinner (1969), rules are: Generalized conditioned reinforcers Verbal descriptions of the operating contingencies Components of self-efficacy Instances of generalized imitation 59) In terms of generalized imitation, which of the following are true? All of these Generalized imitation provides an account of imitation after a delay Generalized imitation is part of Bandura's cognitive theory Generalized imitation is based on principles of social cognition 60) Backward chaining involves: Teaching from the middle to the last component or link Teaching the final component or link first Teaching the final component or link in random order Teaching the initial component or link first 61) The problem with astrology and other primitive accounts of behavior is: They are not scientifically valid All of the above They are not replicable They are not objectively verifiable 62) Respondent conditioning has occurred when a non-functional stimulus is Paired with an unconditioned stimulus Paired with a reflex behavior Paired with a desired behavior Paired with a conditioned stimulus 63) If you were to ask B. F. Skinner to classify behavior analysis as a subfield of another scientific discipline, which of the following would he most likely choose? Anthropology Biology Psychology Sociology 64) Conditioned emotional responses that include an increase in heart rate, perspiration, or a change in blood pressure are examples of . Learning Instincts Respondents Operants 65) Which of the following research questions would be the most difficult to address using a reversal design? Evaluating the effectiveness of a reading program on a child’s reading ability Evaluating the effectiveness of a sales-competition on the performance of a salesperson Evaluating the effectiveness of an anti-smoking campaign Evaluating the impact of posted signs on cell phone usage at a library 66) The reversal phase of an A-B-A-B study is an example of: A dependent variable An indirect replication (not sure about this one) A direct replication Negative reinforcement 67) Consider the following example: “Your phone won't allow you to make a call so you turn it off and then back on again. After this your phone allows you to make a call.” Identify the operant in this example. Your phone no longer allowing you to make calls Turning the phone on and off Your phone allowing you to make calls This is respondent, not operant, conditioning 68) In negative punishment, a stimulus is and as a result behavior . Removed; increases Removed; decreases Added; decreases Added; increases 69) From a behavioral analysis standpoint, a child working hard to achieve good grades is caused by . Punishment High motivation Environmental contingencies Low motivation 70) Organisms become in their responding as reinforcement becomes less frequent or less predictable. More variable Slower Faster Less variable 71) The time between shocks or the interval and the time away from shocks produced by responses or the interval are two aspects of escape and avoidance. Aversive; postponement Shock–shock; response–shock Shocking; responding Temporal shock; response time 72) Learned helplessness provides a behavioral explanation for: Social withdrawal in children whose parents fail to set consistent rules and standards The relationship between alcohol dependence and depression All of the above The aversive control Nazi jailers maintained over their captives 73) If you trained a pigeon to turn a circle when a TURN sign was presented you could say the bird was . Superstitious Conceptually oriented Reading Concentrating 74) Research by Pelaez and colleagues (2012) found that the mother’s facial expression served as a for their 4- and 5-month-old infants. Extinction stimulus Positive punisher Negative reinforcer Discriminative stimulus 75) The equality between the relative rate of reinforcement and the relative rate of response is known as . The changeover response Schedule of reinforcement Equality principle Matching relation 76) According to behavior analysts, preference is: An emotional state Reliably choosing one option over another A motivation to behave in a certain way A subjective experience 77) Systems of token reinforcement in humans have been used to improve the behavior of: Juvenile delinquents Normal children Psychiatric patients All of these 78) Which of the following characteristics is responsible for money being labeled as a generalized reinforcer: It is exchangeable for a variety of different goods/commodities It is relatively independent of momentary deprivation It is non-perishable and easy to store It is easily quantified 79) A child attempting to repeat sounds their parents make can be explained by: Early conditioning that involves the postivite punishment the parent gives Social conditioning through the intrinsic reward a child gets by engaging in language Social conditioning that involves reinforcement from the parents Respondent conditioning that occurs by the child receiving food and nourishment that strengthens their want to please their parent 80) Intraverbal behavior is best defined as: A class of verbal operants that has correspondence, but not formal similarity A class of verbal operants that has both correspondence and formal similarity A class of verbal operants regulated by verbal discriminative stimuli A form of verbal behavior that modifies the consequences produced by other verbal responses