Nurs Patho 3366 RRD 5- Disorders of the
Circulatory System Questions and Verified
Answers.
cardiovascular - ANS refers to heart and its vessels
peripheral vascular - ANS refers to vessels outside of the heart- especially when used
to describe disease processes
circulatory system - ANS describes the cardiovascular and peripheral vascular system
together
central - ANS refers to heart, lungs, brain, kidneys- the most crucial organs
peripheral - ANS general terms usually refers to anything outside of the main organs-
peripheral vessels- legs and arms
right side of the heart - ANS think of this as venous side with DEOXYGENATED
BLOOD
describe venous blood - ANS blood that is deoxygenated and is returning to the heart-
right sided of the heart
left side of the heart - ANS think of this as arterial side with OXYGENATED BLOOD
describe arterial blood - ANS blood that is going out to the body with OXYGENATED
BLOOD- left side of heart
veins - ANS thin walled vessels that take deoxygenated blood from the tissue beds all
over the body back to the right side of the heart
venous return - ANS the flow of blood back to the heart- also called venous drainage of
the tissues
how does the body facilitate good blood flow and prevent backflow of blood - ANS
valves in veins> open when heart contracts (systole) and blood is pushed (forced)
through the body > close when the heart is at rest (diastole)?
where do most venous disorders occur - ANS in the legs
what are the factors contributing to venous congestion - ANS gravity - gravity works-
pulls fluid down and valve incompetence?
venous congestion - ANS when some venous blood settles in the tissue of legs and foot
,venous insufficiency - ANS when there is pathology involved for valve incompetency
chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) - ANS most often caused by leg vein valves wearing
out and becoming "floppy" > do not close completely> allowing blood to backflow into
veins of legs and feet> venous states> increased hydrostatic pressure > increased
pressure pushes fluid into tissue of legs and feet> edema> can cause varicose veins
mini concept map of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) - ANS floppy valves> increased
hydrostatic pressure distal to the bad valves because venous blood cannot return up to
the heart properly> engorged peripheral veins> pushes fluid out to tissue> edema
signs and symptoms of edema in legs - ANS swollen, tight, dry, discolored skin which
can easily get traumatized and ulcerated
varicose veins - ANS surface veins that can become twisted and distorted from
increased hydrostatic pressure- can be painful and cosmetically unappealing
what are the contributing factors in the development chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) -
ANS aging, inherited predisposition, obesity, sometimes pregnancy, job related issues-
such as standing for years?
and/ or
lack of assistance from musculature such as when there is poor muscle tome due to
immobility and/ or inactivity
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - ANS a clot that develops on the wall of a vein, most of
the time in deep veins of thighs and calves
what happens when a DVT forms - ANS the vein and area become inflamed and
swollen> thrombophlebitis?
thrombophlebitis - ANS inflammation of the vein 2nd to DVT
what are the signs and symptoms of DVT - ANS local redness, pain, warmth, edema,?
usually seen only unilaterally
can be extreme or hardly noticeable
may have no signs and symptoms at all
who is at high risk for DVT - ANS have one or more elements of Virchow's triad
Virchow’s tirade consists of: - ANS -injury to the endothelium vein
-stasis of blood flow
-hypercoagulability
hypercoagulability - ANS caused by some degree of dehydration
, decreased water in the blood> blood more concentrated> clotting factors and platelets
come into contact with each other more easily> pathologic clotting
coagulopathy - ANS the tendency of individuals to clot more easily
what are situation in which one or more of Virchow's triad is present in people - ANS -sit
for long periods
- casts or immobilizing devices on legs
- bed ridden
- pregnant
- obese
- on certain medications such as diuretics and hormone therapy
- pre-existing problems such as circulatory issues and/ or clotting problems
pulmonary embolus (PE) - ANS piece of thrombus breaks off into the circulation and
becomes lodged into a blood vessel
what is the usual pattern of an embolus - ANS DVT of leg> inferior vena cava (IVC)>
Right atrium (RA) > Right Ventricle (RV)> pulmonary artery (PA)- usually gets stuck in
pulmonary arteries?
30% of people with DVT develop a PE
what are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolus (PE) - ANS chest pain, SOB,
hemoptysis (blood in sputum), shock?
mini-concept map of PE pathophysiology - ANS embolus enters pulmonary artery>
arterioles> embolus gets stuck> blocks DEOXYGENATED BLOOD from alveoli> SOB>
irritates arterial intima> inflammation> leakage of blood into lung tissue> hemoptysis>
massive release of inflammatory mediators> systemic vasodilation> shock
what are the nursing implications of venous problems- what treatments can nurses
provide as prevention - ANS - get patients moving?
- keep patient hydrated
- elevate legs
- prevent skin breaks- swelling/ edema increases risk of skin integrity compromise
artery - ANS thick walled, muscled vessels that accept blood from the heart and
circulates it to the tissues all over the body
vasomotor tone - ANS muscle tone of the arterial wall- constrict and dilate- flexible,
compliant
state of lumen - ANS healthy lumen lining is smooth and patent
blood pressure - ANS measurement of fluid pressure on the arteries
Circulatory System Questions and Verified
Answers.
cardiovascular - ANS refers to heart and its vessels
peripheral vascular - ANS refers to vessels outside of the heart- especially when used
to describe disease processes
circulatory system - ANS describes the cardiovascular and peripheral vascular system
together
central - ANS refers to heart, lungs, brain, kidneys- the most crucial organs
peripheral - ANS general terms usually refers to anything outside of the main organs-
peripheral vessels- legs and arms
right side of the heart - ANS think of this as venous side with DEOXYGENATED
BLOOD
describe venous blood - ANS blood that is deoxygenated and is returning to the heart-
right sided of the heart
left side of the heart - ANS think of this as arterial side with OXYGENATED BLOOD
describe arterial blood - ANS blood that is going out to the body with OXYGENATED
BLOOD- left side of heart
veins - ANS thin walled vessels that take deoxygenated blood from the tissue beds all
over the body back to the right side of the heart
venous return - ANS the flow of blood back to the heart- also called venous drainage of
the tissues
how does the body facilitate good blood flow and prevent backflow of blood - ANS
valves in veins> open when heart contracts (systole) and blood is pushed (forced)
through the body > close when the heart is at rest (diastole)?
where do most venous disorders occur - ANS in the legs
what are the factors contributing to venous congestion - ANS gravity - gravity works-
pulls fluid down and valve incompetence?
venous congestion - ANS when some venous blood settles in the tissue of legs and foot
,venous insufficiency - ANS when there is pathology involved for valve incompetency
chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) - ANS most often caused by leg vein valves wearing
out and becoming "floppy" > do not close completely> allowing blood to backflow into
veins of legs and feet> venous states> increased hydrostatic pressure > increased
pressure pushes fluid into tissue of legs and feet> edema> can cause varicose veins
mini concept map of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) - ANS floppy valves> increased
hydrostatic pressure distal to the bad valves because venous blood cannot return up to
the heart properly> engorged peripheral veins> pushes fluid out to tissue> edema
signs and symptoms of edema in legs - ANS swollen, tight, dry, discolored skin which
can easily get traumatized and ulcerated
varicose veins - ANS surface veins that can become twisted and distorted from
increased hydrostatic pressure- can be painful and cosmetically unappealing
what are the contributing factors in the development chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) -
ANS aging, inherited predisposition, obesity, sometimes pregnancy, job related issues-
such as standing for years?
and/ or
lack of assistance from musculature such as when there is poor muscle tome due to
immobility and/ or inactivity
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - ANS a clot that develops on the wall of a vein, most of
the time in deep veins of thighs and calves
what happens when a DVT forms - ANS the vein and area become inflamed and
swollen> thrombophlebitis?
thrombophlebitis - ANS inflammation of the vein 2nd to DVT
what are the signs and symptoms of DVT - ANS local redness, pain, warmth, edema,?
usually seen only unilaterally
can be extreme or hardly noticeable
may have no signs and symptoms at all
who is at high risk for DVT - ANS have one or more elements of Virchow's triad
Virchow’s tirade consists of: - ANS -injury to the endothelium vein
-stasis of blood flow
-hypercoagulability
hypercoagulability - ANS caused by some degree of dehydration
, decreased water in the blood> blood more concentrated> clotting factors and platelets
come into contact with each other more easily> pathologic clotting
coagulopathy - ANS the tendency of individuals to clot more easily
what are situation in which one or more of Virchow's triad is present in people - ANS -sit
for long periods
- casts or immobilizing devices on legs
- bed ridden
- pregnant
- obese
- on certain medications such as diuretics and hormone therapy
- pre-existing problems such as circulatory issues and/ or clotting problems
pulmonary embolus (PE) - ANS piece of thrombus breaks off into the circulation and
becomes lodged into a blood vessel
what is the usual pattern of an embolus - ANS DVT of leg> inferior vena cava (IVC)>
Right atrium (RA) > Right Ventricle (RV)> pulmonary artery (PA)- usually gets stuck in
pulmonary arteries?
30% of people with DVT develop a PE
what are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolus (PE) - ANS chest pain, SOB,
hemoptysis (blood in sputum), shock?
mini-concept map of PE pathophysiology - ANS embolus enters pulmonary artery>
arterioles> embolus gets stuck> blocks DEOXYGENATED BLOOD from alveoli> SOB>
irritates arterial intima> inflammation> leakage of blood into lung tissue> hemoptysis>
massive release of inflammatory mediators> systemic vasodilation> shock
what are the nursing implications of venous problems- what treatments can nurses
provide as prevention - ANS - get patients moving?
- keep patient hydrated
- elevate legs
- prevent skin breaks- swelling/ edema increases risk of skin integrity compromise
artery - ANS thick walled, muscled vessels that accept blood from the heart and
circulates it to the tissues all over the body
vasomotor tone - ANS muscle tone of the arterial wall- constrict and dilate- flexible,
compliant
state of lumen - ANS healthy lumen lining is smooth and patent
blood pressure - ANS measurement of fluid pressure on the arteries
