Physio Exam 3 Latest
graded potential - correct answer any one of these depolarizations, electrical impulses, that
decrements as it moves away from the point of origin
more potassium leaves than sodium coming in, which slowly diminishes how positive the electrical
impulse is as it moves away from point of origin
temporal summation - correct answer one neuron working by itself to get a postsynaptic neuron to
threshold
spatial summation - correct answer multiple neurons working to get a postsynaptic neuron to
threshold
function of GABA - correct answer GABA binds to GABA receptors, ligand gated chloride channels,
to open which then allows for chloride ions to enter
-chemical drive for them to enter, and electrical driving force to leave, but chemical force is stronger
-GABA increases ion permeability for chloride
-causes an influx of negative charged ions, which is hyperpolarization
excitatory graded potential (EPSP) - correct answer interior is depolarizing and increasing the
chance that an action potential will be generated at the hillock
EPSPs- excitatory postsynaptic potentials
inhibitory graded potential (IPSP) - correct answer prevents neuron from being able to generate an
action potential due to hyperpolarizing it
-what GABA does
IPSPs- inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
how do benzodiazepines treat anxiety - correct answer mimic GABA in drug form
,need to decrease firing of neurons to decrease anxiety since neurons are too active, which is what
we think the root of anxiety is
non-myelinated neurons - correct answer propagate action potentials more slowly
need more voltage gated sodium channels down the entire axon that keep opening up and allow
sodium to shoot into every region and recharge action potential
if no voltage gated sodium channels, then electrical impulse would travel down axon where it is
more negative and make it more positive (depolarization)
-rate potassium leaves will increase and rate of sodium leaving will decrease
-no electrical driving force for potassium here
-signal decrements the further it moves down
myelinated neurons - correct answer there are less voltage gated sodium channels and it
propagates action potential faster
myelin sheath prevents potassium ions from leaking out, but this insulation isn't perfect
voltage gated sodium channels are in nodes of Ranvier where the axon is exposed
-job of nodes is to recharge the electrical wave to make sure it stays at +30
why can myelinated neurons propagate faster action potentials? - correct answer the myelin
sheath speeds up potential conduction and acts as an electrical insulator
larger axon diameter = faster
how can novocaine able to prevent pain? - correct answer anesthetic that blocks voltage gated
sodium channels
layers of connective tissue - correct answer endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium
epimysium - correct answer outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle
, extend to form tendon on end of muscle
perimysium - correct answer connective tissue that surrounds individual fascicles
fascicle: entire muscle is divided into these and in each is an individual muscle fiber
forms basis for mechanical link between tendon and muscle fibers
endomysium - correct answer connective tissue surrounding a each individual muscle fiber
force generated on the end of each muscle is relayed to this connective tissue surrounding each
muscle fiber, which relays force onto tendon since they are continuous
tendon - correct answer connects muscle to bone, causing movement from joints
basic anatomy of muscle fibers - correct answer myofibrils, sarcomeres, t-tubules, sarcoplasmic
reticulum
myofibrils - correct answer contractile organelle that runs the length of the muscle within the
muscle fibers
made up of sarcomeres
sarcomere - correct answer functional unit of organization of myofibril with overlapping actin and
myosin
run from Z-line to Z-line on myofibril with protein filament M-line in middle
thin filament actin comes off Z-lines
thick filament myosin comes off M-lines and overlaps with actin on both sides
graded potential - correct answer any one of these depolarizations, electrical impulses, that
decrements as it moves away from the point of origin
more potassium leaves than sodium coming in, which slowly diminishes how positive the electrical
impulse is as it moves away from point of origin
temporal summation - correct answer one neuron working by itself to get a postsynaptic neuron to
threshold
spatial summation - correct answer multiple neurons working to get a postsynaptic neuron to
threshold
function of GABA - correct answer GABA binds to GABA receptors, ligand gated chloride channels,
to open which then allows for chloride ions to enter
-chemical drive for them to enter, and electrical driving force to leave, but chemical force is stronger
-GABA increases ion permeability for chloride
-causes an influx of negative charged ions, which is hyperpolarization
excitatory graded potential (EPSP) - correct answer interior is depolarizing and increasing the
chance that an action potential will be generated at the hillock
EPSPs- excitatory postsynaptic potentials
inhibitory graded potential (IPSP) - correct answer prevents neuron from being able to generate an
action potential due to hyperpolarizing it
-what GABA does
IPSPs- inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
how do benzodiazepines treat anxiety - correct answer mimic GABA in drug form
,need to decrease firing of neurons to decrease anxiety since neurons are too active, which is what
we think the root of anxiety is
non-myelinated neurons - correct answer propagate action potentials more slowly
need more voltage gated sodium channels down the entire axon that keep opening up and allow
sodium to shoot into every region and recharge action potential
if no voltage gated sodium channels, then electrical impulse would travel down axon where it is
more negative and make it more positive (depolarization)
-rate potassium leaves will increase and rate of sodium leaving will decrease
-no electrical driving force for potassium here
-signal decrements the further it moves down
myelinated neurons - correct answer there are less voltage gated sodium channels and it
propagates action potential faster
myelin sheath prevents potassium ions from leaking out, but this insulation isn't perfect
voltage gated sodium channels are in nodes of Ranvier where the axon is exposed
-job of nodes is to recharge the electrical wave to make sure it stays at +30
why can myelinated neurons propagate faster action potentials? - correct answer the myelin
sheath speeds up potential conduction and acts as an electrical insulator
larger axon diameter = faster
how can novocaine able to prevent pain? - correct answer anesthetic that blocks voltage gated
sodium channels
layers of connective tissue - correct answer endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium
epimysium - correct answer outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle
, extend to form tendon on end of muscle
perimysium - correct answer connective tissue that surrounds individual fascicles
fascicle: entire muscle is divided into these and in each is an individual muscle fiber
forms basis for mechanical link between tendon and muscle fibers
endomysium - correct answer connective tissue surrounding a each individual muscle fiber
force generated on the end of each muscle is relayed to this connective tissue surrounding each
muscle fiber, which relays force onto tendon since they are continuous
tendon - correct answer connects muscle to bone, causing movement from joints
basic anatomy of muscle fibers - correct answer myofibrils, sarcomeres, t-tubules, sarcoplasmic
reticulum
myofibrils - correct answer contractile organelle that runs the length of the muscle within the
muscle fibers
made up of sarcomeres
sarcomere - correct answer functional unit of organization of myofibril with overlapping actin and
myosin
run from Z-line to Z-line on myofibril with protein filament M-line in middle
thin filament actin comes off Z-lines
thick filament myosin comes off M-lines and overlaps with actin on both sides
