Optometry Admission Test | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded |
100% Verified
Which of the following is the mRNA start codon in most cases? - AUG
Which of the types of RNA is the smallest? - tRNA
Which of the following is NOT considered a pyrimidine? - G
Which of the following ARE considered a pyrimidine? - - Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
- One-carbon nitrogen ring bases
Which of the following is correctly paired set of DNA nucleotides? - C-G
A-T
What are the building blocks of amino acids? - Purines and Pyrimidines
Purines - - Adenine and Guanine
- Two-carbon nitrogen ring bases
Which of the following characterizes a Western blot? - Antibody/protein hybridization
Western Blot - Western blots allow investigators to determine the molecular weight of a protein and to
measure relative amounts of the protein present in different samples.
Which of the following divisions of cell growth precedes Mitosis in the cell cycle? - G2
Down Syndrome is directly linked to a genetic abnormality of chromosome? - XXI
,Which of the following is a characteristic of the Hardy-Weinberg Law? - Genotype selection does not
occur at the Locus
Hardy-Weinberg Law - Under the following conditions both phenotypic and allelic frequencies remain
constant from generation to generation in sexually reproducing populations: large population size, no
mutation, no immigration, random mating, random reproductive success.
Which of the following is NOT an activated carrier? - GMP
The following are activated carriers - ATP, SAM, TPP
The end product of the TCA cycle produces _____ NADH - 3
How many ATP are required to transform pyruvate into glucose? - 6
Which is NOT a derivative of the amino acid Tryptophan? - Creatine
Derivatives of the amino acid Tryptophan - Melatonin, Serotonin, Niacin
Amino Acids (AA) consist of? - A tetrahedral alpha-carbon connected to an amino group, a carboxyl
group, and a variable R group, which determines the AA's properties
Proteins consist of? - Amino acids linked by peptide bonds, or amide bonds, which have partial double
bond characteristics, lack rotation, and are very stable
The secondary structure of proteins (alpha-helices and beta-sheets) are formed through? - Hydrogen
bonding interactions between atoms in the backbone of the molecule
The most stable tertiary protein structure generally? - Places polar AA's on the exterior and non polar
AA's on the interior of the protein. This minimizes interactions between non polar AAs and water, while
optimizing interactions between side chains inside the protein
,Carbohydrates - Are chains of hydrated carbon atoms with the molecular formula CnH2nOn
Monosaccharides - Like glucose, fructose, and galactose are energy molecules for cells
Disaccharides include? - maltose, sucrose, and lactose
Polysaccharides are? - For either glucose storage or structure.
Glycogen - Is a glucose storage molecule in animals
Starch - Is glucose storage for plants
Cellulose - Is a plant structural molecule
Fats are? - Hydrophobic molecules used for energy storage (tryglycerides), membrane structure
(phospholipids and cholesterol), or hormones (steroids)
Hydrolysis of a triglyceride - Produce three equivalents of fatty acid carboxylates. These amphipathic
molecules form micelles in solution
Cholesterol - Is a ring-shaped lipid that helped stabilize lipid bilayers
Steroid hormones - Are derived from cholesterol
Nucleotides - Are the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), which are comprised of pentose
sugar a purine or pyrimidine base, and 2-3 phosphate units.
Cellular Respiration - Is the oxidation of carbohydrates, reduction of electron carriers, and generation of
ATP
, Glycolysis - Occurs in the cytoplasm and generates two pyruvate molecules, two ATP, and two NADH per
glucose
Under anaerobic conditions - The cell performs fermentations to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can
continue
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) - Functions in the mitochondrial matrix, converts pyruvate
into acetyl-CoA, and generate NADH
The Krebs Cycle - In the mitochondrial matrix generate six NADH, two FADH2, and two GTP per glucose
The electron transport chain - In the inner mitochondrial membrane starts with the oxidation of the
electron carriers NADH and FADH2, and ends with the reduction of oxygen and the generation of a
proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
ATP synthase - In the inner mitochondrial membrane uses the proton gradient to generate ATP (2.5 ATP
per NADH from the mitochondrial matrix, 1.5 ATP per NADH from the cytoplasm, and 1.5 ATP per
FADH2)
Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes - Perform cellular respiration, but prokaryotes used their plasma
membrane for the electron transport chain and generate two more ATP per glucose than eukaryotes
Photosynthesis - Is the process plants use to convert light to ATP. Summary equation is essentially the
chemical reverse of respiration
Photosynthesis occurs in? - Two steps:
- The light-dependent reactions (which generate ATP and NADPH)
- The light-independent reactions (which generate carbohydrates)
DNA - Is the fundamental unit of inheritance in cells
DNA and RNA are? - Polymers, made of nucleotide monomers
100% Verified
Which of the following is the mRNA start codon in most cases? - AUG
Which of the types of RNA is the smallest? - tRNA
Which of the following is NOT considered a pyrimidine? - G
Which of the following ARE considered a pyrimidine? - - Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
- One-carbon nitrogen ring bases
Which of the following is correctly paired set of DNA nucleotides? - C-G
A-T
What are the building blocks of amino acids? - Purines and Pyrimidines
Purines - - Adenine and Guanine
- Two-carbon nitrogen ring bases
Which of the following characterizes a Western blot? - Antibody/protein hybridization
Western Blot - Western blots allow investigators to determine the molecular weight of a protein and to
measure relative amounts of the protein present in different samples.
Which of the following divisions of cell growth precedes Mitosis in the cell cycle? - G2
Down Syndrome is directly linked to a genetic abnormality of chromosome? - XXI
,Which of the following is a characteristic of the Hardy-Weinberg Law? - Genotype selection does not
occur at the Locus
Hardy-Weinberg Law - Under the following conditions both phenotypic and allelic frequencies remain
constant from generation to generation in sexually reproducing populations: large population size, no
mutation, no immigration, random mating, random reproductive success.
Which of the following is NOT an activated carrier? - GMP
The following are activated carriers - ATP, SAM, TPP
The end product of the TCA cycle produces _____ NADH - 3
How many ATP are required to transform pyruvate into glucose? - 6
Which is NOT a derivative of the amino acid Tryptophan? - Creatine
Derivatives of the amino acid Tryptophan - Melatonin, Serotonin, Niacin
Amino Acids (AA) consist of? - A tetrahedral alpha-carbon connected to an amino group, a carboxyl
group, and a variable R group, which determines the AA's properties
Proteins consist of? - Amino acids linked by peptide bonds, or amide bonds, which have partial double
bond characteristics, lack rotation, and are very stable
The secondary structure of proteins (alpha-helices and beta-sheets) are formed through? - Hydrogen
bonding interactions between atoms in the backbone of the molecule
The most stable tertiary protein structure generally? - Places polar AA's on the exterior and non polar
AA's on the interior of the protein. This minimizes interactions between non polar AAs and water, while
optimizing interactions between side chains inside the protein
,Carbohydrates - Are chains of hydrated carbon atoms with the molecular formula CnH2nOn
Monosaccharides - Like glucose, fructose, and galactose are energy molecules for cells
Disaccharides include? - maltose, sucrose, and lactose
Polysaccharides are? - For either glucose storage or structure.
Glycogen - Is a glucose storage molecule in animals
Starch - Is glucose storage for plants
Cellulose - Is a plant structural molecule
Fats are? - Hydrophobic molecules used for energy storage (tryglycerides), membrane structure
(phospholipids and cholesterol), or hormones (steroids)
Hydrolysis of a triglyceride - Produce three equivalents of fatty acid carboxylates. These amphipathic
molecules form micelles in solution
Cholesterol - Is a ring-shaped lipid that helped stabilize lipid bilayers
Steroid hormones - Are derived from cholesterol
Nucleotides - Are the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), which are comprised of pentose
sugar a purine or pyrimidine base, and 2-3 phosphate units.
Cellular Respiration - Is the oxidation of carbohydrates, reduction of electron carriers, and generation of
ATP
, Glycolysis - Occurs in the cytoplasm and generates two pyruvate molecules, two ATP, and two NADH per
glucose
Under anaerobic conditions - The cell performs fermentations to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can
continue
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) - Functions in the mitochondrial matrix, converts pyruvate
into acetyl-CoA, and generate NADH
The Krebs Cycle - In the mitochondrial matrix generate six NADH, two FADH2, and two GTP per glucose
The electron transport chain - In the inner mitochondrial membrane starts with the oxidation of the
electron carriers NADH and FADH2, and ends with the reduction of oxygen and the generation of a
proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
ATP synthase - In the inner mitochondrial membrane uses the proton gradient to generate ATP (2.5 ATP
per NADH from the mitochondrial matrix, 1.5 ATP per NADH from the cytoplasm, and 1.5 ATP per
FADH2)
Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes - Perform cellular respiration, but prokaryotes used their plasma
membrane for the electron transport chain and generate two more ATP per glucose than eukaryotes
Photosynthesis - Is the process plants use to convert light to ATP. Summary equation is essentially the
chemical reverse of respiration
Photosynthesis occurs in? - Two steps:
- The light-dependent reactions (which generate ATP and NADPH)
- The light-independent reactions (which generate carbohydrates)
DNA - Is the fundamental unit of inheritance in cells
DNA and RNA are? - Polymers, made of nucleotide monomers
