Bio 250 Exam #2 Latest Updated 2024
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What are the 4 different types of studies? - ANSWER-Observational study/ natural experiment,
controlled experiment, comparative methods, computer simulation
Understand the Human Adaptation to High Elevation - ANSWER-Observational study: most
societies evolved the ability to maintain low levels of haemoglobin, but others...
Tibetana: not elevated hemoglobin instead:
inhale more air with each breath
breathe more rapidly
Andes: increased capacity to carry oxygen in hemoglobin; increased number of RBCs
Ethiopia: *Convergent Evolution* THRB and ARNT are known to play a role in the HIF- 1
pathway, a pathway implicated in previous work reported in Tibetan and Andean studies
(combination of both societies evolutionary traits)
Understand fly wings, controlled experiment - ANSWER-Controlled experiment: 'straw man'
fallacy - distorted and exaggerated claim from another's point then to use it to their advantage
and claim it as their own. Using another predator's strength as their own when it does not
belong to them originally (mimicry).
5 types of flies: (in the fly wings experiment) - ANSWER-Zonosemata has wig markings)
Zonosemata untreated
Zonosemata with own wing cut off and re glued on - control group
Zonosemata with House-fly wings glued on - effect of waving
House-fly with Zonosemata wings glued on - effect of wing markings
Housefly untreated
Compared what 3 things (fly wings experiment) - ANSWER-No mimicry - jumping spider + other
predators always attacked
Mimicry deters other predators - other predators didn't attack untreated and the wing cut off
Zonosemata. Everything else attacks.
Mimicry deters jumping spiders - Jumping spiders didn't attack untreated and the wing cut off
zonosemata. Everything else attacks
Understand bat comparative method - ANSWER-Comparative method: sperm competition and
testis size
The prediction you can assume:
testis size increases as group size increases
Larger testis size adds to the group size due to sperm competition
What is Phenotypic Plasticity? - ANSWER-Variation, under environmental influence, in the
phenotype associated with a genotype. (Vp = Vg+Ve Phenotype based on genotype and
environment expressed). *Evolutionary Medicine connection ex. Sensitivity to alcohol*
"Reaction norms" → umbrella compartmentalizations
Can also be defined as the ability for one genotype to produce multiple phenotypes
, What are the tradeoffs to human birth? - ANSWER-Obstetrical hypothesis- in order to have
babies with big brains and for the mother to still be able to walk and run, this means a narrow
cervix, which makes labor time longer and more painful. Baby is inside to let the brain grow big
but needs to be delivered before it is too big to fit through the narrow pelvis/birth canal
Explain Phylogenetic constraints - ANSWER-Each species inherits a "history", yesterday's
adaptation is today's constraint.
Explain Developmental constraints - ANSWER-Major body plans, developmental pathways,
determine many traits → only certain options upon which selection can operate.
Don't want to regress to old traits, just to evolve one new one
What are the strategies for asking interesting evolutionary medicine questions? - ANSWER-
Study natural history
Question conventional wisdom
Question assumptions underlying popular hypothesis
Draw analogies from field to field
Ask "why not?"
Like breaking the ophelia syndrome
What is relative fitness? - ANSWER-the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the
next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals
Name the obstacles of passing on genes ("agents of selection") - ANSWER-Survival - find food,
avoid predators/ parasites, compete/cooperate with others, protection from elements
Reproduction - find mate, surplus energy to make offspring, care for offspring, defend mating
territor
Define putative adaptation. Give an example - ANSWER-Adaptations that do not have solid
evidence, but are generally accepted or inferred
Polar bear:
big paws → swim
dark skin under white fur → heat absorbance
Hair has no pigment → hunting camouflage
What are the different types of reproduction? - ANSWER-Sexual - outcross - separate sexes
Asexual - self fertilization - hermaphroditic
How and why have these different strategies evolved? (reproduction) - ANSWER-Genetic
variation: needed for long-term persistence of a species (any mechanism that increases genetic
variation = should be favored)
Why is increased genetic variation favored? - ANSWER-With sexual ancestors = evolutionary
traits
Asexual = don't last long enough for evoluationary time
Which is better, sexual or asexual reproduction? - ANSWER-Sexual!
Define Parthenogenesis - ANSWER-Offspring develop from a single cell (unfertilized egg).
With Satisfied Solutions
What are the 4 different types of studies? - ANSWER-Observational study/ natural experiment,
controlled experiment, comparative methods, computer simulation
Understand the Human Adaptation to High Elevation - ANSWER-Observational study: most
societies evolved the ability to maintain low levels of haemoglobin, but others...
Tibetana: not elevated hemoglobin instead:
inhale more air with each breath
breathe more rapidly
Andes: increased capacity to carry oxygen in hemoglobin; increased number of RBCs
Ethiopia: *Convergent Evolution* THRB and ARNT are known to play a role in the HIF- 1
pathway, a pathway implicated in previous work reported in Tibetan and Andean studies
(combination of both societies evolutionary traits)
Understand fly wings, controlled experiment - ANSWER-Controlled experiment: 'straw man'
fallacy - distorted and exaggerated claim from another's point then to use it to their advantage
and claim it as their own. Using another predator's strength as their own when it does not
belong to them originally (mimicry).
5 types of flies: (in the fly wings experiment) - ANSWER-Zonosemata has wig markings)
Zonosemata untreated
Zonosemata with own wing cut off and re glued on - control group
Zonosemata with House-fly wings glued on - effect of waving
House-fly with Zonosemata wings glued on - effect of wing markings
Housefly untreated
Compared what 3 things (fly wings experiment) - ANSWER-No mimicry - jumping spider + other
predators always attacked
Mimicry deters other predators - other predators didn't attack untreated and the wing cut off
Zonosemata. Everything else attacks.
Mimicry deters jumping spiders - Jumping spiders didn't attack untreated and the wing cut off
zonosemata. Everything else attacks
Understand bat comparative method - ANSWER-Comparative method: sperm competition and
testis size
The prediction you can assume:
testis size increases as group size increases
Larger testis size adds to the group size due to sperm competition
What is Phenotypic Plasticity? - ANSWER-Variation, under environmental influence, in the
phenotype associated with a genotype. (Vp = Vg+Ve Phenotype based on genotype and
environment expressed). *Evolutionary Medicine connection ex. Sensitivity to alcohol*
"Reaction norms" → umbrella compartmentalizations
Can also be defined as the ability for one genotype to produce multiple phenotypes
, What are the tradeoffs to human birth? - ANSWER-Obstetrical hypothesis- in order to have
babies with big brains and for the mother to still be able to walk and run, this means a narrow
cervix, which makes labor time longer and more painful. Baby is inside to let the brain grow big
but needs to be delivered before it is too big to fit through the narrow pelvis/birth canal
Explain Phylogenetic constraints - ANSWER-Each species inherits a "history", yesterday's
adaptation is today's constraint.
Explain Developmental constraints - ANSWER-Major body plans, developmental pathways,
determine many traits → only certain options upon which selection can operate.
Don't want to regress to old traits, just to evolve one new one
What are the strategies for asking interesting evolutionary medicine questions? - ANSWER-
Study natural history
Question conventional wisdom
Question assumptions underlying popular hypothesis
Draw analogies from field to field
Ask "why not?"
Like breaking the ophelia syndrome
What is relative fitness? - ANSWER-the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the
next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals
Name the obstacles of passing on genes ("agents of selection") - ANSWER-Survival - find food,
avoid predators/ parasites, compete/cooperate with others, protection from elements
Reproduction - find mate, surplus energy to make offspring, care for offspring, defend mating
territor
Define putative adaptation. Give an example - ANSWER-Adaptations that do not have solid
evidence, but are generally accepted or inferred
Polar bear:
big paws → swim
dark skin under white fur → heat absorbance
Hair has no pigment → hunting camouflage
What are the different types of reproduction? - ANSWER-Sexual - outcross - separate sexes
Asexual - self fertilization - hermaphroditic
How and why have these different strategies evolved? (reproduction) - ANSWER-Genetic
variation: needed for long-term persistence of a species (any mechanism that increases genetic
variation = should be favored)
Why is increased genetic variation favored? - ANSWER-With sexual ancestors = evolutionary
traits
Asexual = don't last long enough for evoluationary time
Which is better, sexual or asexual reproduction? - ANSWER-Sexual!
Define Parthenogenesis - ANSWER-Offspring develop from a single cell (unfertilized egg).
