WEEK 3- PATH Topics and Terminology
CHAPTER 16: ALTERATIONS IN BLOOD PRESSURE
- Cardiac output (CO):
- how is CO related to SV and heart rate (HR) – give equation
- effects on CO when: HR increases and SV stays the same, SV decreases and HR stays the same,
cardiac diseases/conditions
- Blood pressure (BP):
- how is BP related to CO, peripheral resistance (PR), HR, and SV
- effect of BP on: systemic vasoconstriction, systemic vasodilation, atherosclerosis, bradycardia and
tachycardia, catecholamines, ADH and aldosterone (stress response), renin, sitting up too quickly
after lying down (orthostatic hypotension), smoking, kidney disease, hypervolemia, hypovolemia
- function of each of the following in BP regulation: sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic
nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS)
- BP ranges for normal, pre-hypertension, and hypertension (from textbook)
- Primary hypertension: - description, cause, risk factors, effects of long-term/prolonged
hypertension, treatment
- difference between primary and secondary hypertension
CHAPTER 18: ALTERATIONS IN CARDIAC FUNCTION
- Coronary heart disease (CHD)/coronary artery disease (CAD): description, risk factors, arterial
changes
- stable angina pectoris: description, causes, effects on the heart and if they are transitory or
permanent, pattern of onset, treatment
- acute coronary syndrome:
- stable angina vs myocardial infarction
- myocardial infarction:
- STEMI vs NSTEMI; diagnosis, clinical manifestations (including atypical manifestations
in women, elderly, and diabetics), serum markers, basic treatment; possible sequelae
- scar tissue formation and its effects on cardiac muscle
- effect of MI on CO, compensatory mechanisms
- sudden cardiac arrest: description, type of associated arrhythmia
- endocardial and valvular diseases: prolapse vs stenosis vs regurgitation – how do these affect
blood flow?
- pericardial diseases:
- cardiac tamponade: description, effects of pericardial effusion on heart contraction, why is it life-
threatening?
- congenital heart defects:
- which direction (left to right; right to left) associated with cyanosis? why?
- describe abnormal blood flow in atrial or ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus,
aortic or pulmonary stenosis, transposition of the great arteries, truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of
Fallot
CHAPTER 19: HEART FAILURE AND DYSRHYTHMIAS: COMMON SEQUELAE OF CARDIAC DISEASES
CHAPTER 16: ALTERATIONS IN BLOOD PRESSURE
- Cardiac output (CO):
- how is CO related to SV and heart rate (HR) – give equation
- effects on CO when: HR increases and SV stays the same, SV decreases and HR stays the same,
cardiac diseases/conditions
- Blood pressure (BP):
- how is BP related to CO, peripheral resistance (PR), HR, and SV
- effect of BP on: systemic vasoconstriction, systemic vasodilation, atherosclerosis, bradycardia and
tachycardia, catecholamines, ADH and aldosterone (stress response), renin, sitting up too quickly
after lying down (orthostatic hypotension), smoking, kidney disease, hypervolemia, hypovolemia
- function of each of the following in BP regulation: sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic
nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS)
- BP ranges for normal, pre-hypertension, and hypertension (from textbook)
- Primary hypertension: - description, cause, risk factors, effects of long-term/prolonged
hypertension, treatment
- difference between primary and secondary hypertension
CHAPTER 18: ALTERATIONS IN CARDIAC FUNCTION
- Coronary heart disease (CHD)/coronary artery disease (CAD): description, risk factors, arterial
changes
- stable angina pectoris: description, causes, effects on the heart and if they are transitory or
permanent, pattern of onset, treatment
- acute coronary syndrome:
- stable angina vs myocardial infarction
- myocardial infarction:
- STEMI vs NSTEMI; diagnosis, clinical manifestations (including atypical manifestations
in women, elderly, and diabetics), serum markers, basic treatment; possible sequelae
- scar tissue formation and its effects on cardiac muscle
- effect of MI on CO, compensatory mechanisms
- sudden cardiac arrest: description, type of associated arrhythmia
- endocardial and valvular diseases: prolapse vs stenosis vs regurgitation – how do these affect
blood flow?
- pericardial diseases:
- cardiac tamponade: description, effects of pericardial effusion on heart contraction, why is it life-
threatening?
- congenital heart defects:
- which direction (left to right; right to left) associated with cyanosis? why?
- describe abnormal blood flow in atrial or ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus,
aortic or pulmonary stenosis, transposition of the great arteries, truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of
Fallot
CHAPTER 19: HEART FAILURE AND DYSRHYTHMIAS: COMMON SEQUELAE OF CARDIAC DISEASES
