Test Bank For Wrightsman's Psychology and the Legal System
9th Edition By Edith Greene; Kirk Heilbrun 9781337679077
Chapter 1-15 Complete Guide .
Laws are ______________ that evolve out of the needs for order and consistency. - ANSWER: Human
creations
Laws resolve the conflicts between one person's ____________ and other people's ___________ -
ANSWER: Impulses, rights
Laws must be _______________ and _________________ to keep up with the rapid changes in our
lives. - ANSWER: Developed, modified
A ____________________ approach to law emphasizes its human determinants with a focus on
individuals as its unit of analysis. - ANSWER: Psychological
___________________ are seen as responsible for their own conduct and as contributing to its
causation. - ANSWER: Individuals
______________ assumes that characteristics of participants in the legal system affect how the legal
system operates, and it also recognizes that the law, in turn, can affect individuals' characteristics and
behavior. - ANSWER: Psychology
The social psychologist, _______________, proposed the equation B = f (p, e) to reflect the idea that
behavior is a function of the person and the environment. - ANSWER: Kurt Lewin
Behavior of persons in the legal system also can be viewed as a function of both the ______ and the
_______________ - ANSWER: Person, environment
_______________________ generate and communicate information to answer specific legal
questions or to help resolve legal disputes. - ANSWER: Forensic psychologists
Most forensic psychologists are trained as _____________________, whose specialty involves the
psychological evaluation and treatment of others. - ANSWER: Clinical psychologists
There are _ basic choices that pervade the law in the U.S. and in many other countries.
-Each choice creates a dilemma and has psychological implications. - ANSWER: 4
_____________________: rights of individuals versuses the common good
Example: The tension between the rights of the individual to smoke versus the protection of society. -
ANSWER: The First Choice
-Consider U.S. Supreme Court decisions since the 1960s with respect to the rights of criminal suspects
and defendants versus the rights of crime victims and the power of the police
-In the 1960s, the Supreme Court established a number of principles that provided or expanded
explicit rights for those suspected of breaking the law (e.g., the ________________ rule guaranteeing
the right to remain silent). - ANSWER: Miranda
Many of these rights (of criminal suspects and defendants) were trimmed later when courts ruled in
favor of the _____ (e.g., the Supreme Court ruled that the police can stop a motorist whom they
believe has violated traffic laws even if their ulterior motive is to investigate the possibility of illegal
drug dealing). - ANSWER: Police
, The conflict between the rights of individuals and the rights of society is related to a distinction
between the _____________________ and the ___________________________ within the criminal
justice system - ANSWER: Due process model, crime control model
Favored in the 1960s
-Places primary value on the protection of citizens, including criminal suspects, from possible abuses
by the police and the law enforcement system generally - ANSWER: Due Process Model
The __________________________ assumes the innocence of suspects and requires that they be
treated fairly by the criminal justice system.
-Thus the _____________________________ emphasizes the rights of individuals. - ANSWER: The
Due Process Model
Favored in the 1990s
-Seeks the apprehension and punishment of lawbreakers
-The goal is to ensure that criminal activity is being contained or reduced - ANSWER: Crime Control
Model
The Second Choice: Equality vs. Discretion
-The _________________________ means that all people who commit the same crime should receive
the same - ANSWER: Principle of equality
The Second Choice: Equality vs. Discretion
-But blind adherence to equality can lead to unfairness in situations in which the particular
characteristics of offender, victim, or offense matter. Thus, _____________ can be needed - ANSWER:
Discretion
The Principle of Equality
-All people should be treated _______ and no one should receive special treatment by the courts
simply because he or she is rich, influential etc. - ANSWER: Equally
The Principle of Equality
However, there have been incidents that suggest ________ treatment of citizens by the legal system
(e.g., profiling - viewing certain characteristics as indicators of criminal behavior). - ANSWER: Unequal
The Principle of Equality
-Relevant to the issue of equality under the law, the U.S. Supreme Court has occasionally applied a
principle of ____________________
•the punishment should be consistently related to the magnitude of the offense.
-Since psychosocial immaturity renders juveniles less culpable and more likely to be rehabilitated than
adult offenders, the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned harsh sentences for juvenile offenders in the
quest for equality. - ANSWER: Proportionality
The Principle of Equality
-Relevant to the issue of equality under the law, the U.S. Supreme Court has occasionally applied a
principle of proportionality
•the punishment should be consistently related to the _______________ of the offense.
-Since psychosocial immaturity renders juveniles less culpable and more likely to be rehabilitated than
adult offenders, the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned harsh sentences for juvenile offenders in the
quest for equality. - ANSWER: Magnitude
The Principle of Equality
-Relevant to the issue of equality under the law, the U.S. Supreme Court has occasionally applied a
principle of proportionality
•the punishment should be consistently related to the magnitude of the offense.
9th Edition By Edith Greene; Kirk Heilbrun 9781337679077
Chapter 1-15 Complete Guide .
Laws are ______________ that evolve out of the needs for order and consistency. - ANSWER: Human
creations
Laws resolve the conflicts between one person's ____________ and other people's ___________ -
ANSWER: Impulses, rights
Laws must be _______________ and _________________ to keep up with the rapid changes in our
lives. - ANSWER: Developed, modified
A ____________________ approach to law emphasizes its human determinants with a focus on
individuals as its unit of analysis. - ANSWER: Psychological
___________________ are seen as responsible for their own conduct and as contributing to its
causation. - ANSWER: Individuals
______________ assumes that characteristics of participants in the legal system affect how the legal
system operates, and it also recognizes that the law, in turn, can affect individuals' characteristics and
behavior. - ANSWER: Psychology
The social psychologist, _______________, proposed the equation B = f (p, e) to reflect the idea that
behavior is a function of the person and the environment. - ANSWER: Kurt Lewin
Behavior of persons in the legal system also can be viewed as a function of both the ______ and the
_______________ - ANSWER: Person, environment
_______________________ generate and communicate information to answer specific legal
questions or to help resolve legal disputes. - ANSWER: Forensic psychologists
Most forensic psychologists are trained as _____________________, whose specialty involves the
psychological evaluation and treatment of others. - ANSWER: Clinical psychologists
There are _ basic choices that pervade the law in the U.S. and in many other countries.
-Each choice creates a dilemma and has psychological implications. - ANSWER: 4
_____________________: rights of individuals versuses the common good
Example: The tension between the rights of the individual to smoke versus the protection of society. -
ANSWER: The First Choice
-Consider U.S. Supreme Court decisions since the 1960s with respect to the rights of criminal suspects
and defendants versus the rights of crime victims and the power of the police
-In the 1960s, the Supreme Court established a number of principles that provided or expanded
explicit rights for those suspected of breaking the law (e.g., the ________________ rule guaranteeing
the right to remain silent). - ANSWER: Miranda
Many of these rights (of criminal suspects and defendants) were trimmed later when courts ruled in
favor of the _____ (e.g., the Supreme Court ruled that the police can stop a motorist whom they
believe has violated traffic laws even if their ulterior motive is to investigate the possibility of illegal
drug dealing). - ANSWER: Police
, The conflict between the rights of individuals and the rights of society is related to a distinction
between the _____________________ and the ___________________________ within the criminal
justice system - ANSWER: Due process model, crime control model
Favored in the 1960s
-Places primary value on the protection of citizens, including criminal suspects, from possible abuses
by the police and the law enforcement system generally - ANSWER: Due Process Model
The __________________________ assumes the innocence of suspects and requires that they be
treated fairly by the criminal justice system.
-Thus the _____________________________ emphasizes the rights of individuals. - ANSWER: The
Due Process Model
Favored in the 1990s
-Seeks the apprehension and punishment of lawbreakers
-The goal is to ensure that criminal activity is being contained or reduced - ANSWER: Crime Control
Model
The Second Choice: Equality vs. Discretion
-The _________________________ means that all people who commit the same crime should receive
the same - ANSWER: Principle of equality
The Second Choice: Equality vs. Discretion
-But blind adherence to equality can lead to unfairness in situations in which the particular
characteristics of offender, victim, or offense matter. Thus, _____________ can be needed - ANSWER:
Discretion
The Principle of Equality
-All people should be treated _______ and no one should receive special treatment by the courts
simply because he or she is rich, influential etc. - ANSWER: Equally
The Principle of Equality
However, there have been incidents that suggest ________ treatment of citizens by the legal system
(e.g., profiling - viewing certain characteristics as indicators of criminal behavior). - ANSWER: Unequal
The Principle of Equality
-Relevant to the issue of equality under the law, the U.S. Supreme Court has occasionally applied a
principle of ____________________
•the punishment should be consistently related to the magnitude of the offense.
-Since psychosocial immaturity renders juveniles less culpable and more likely to be rehabilitated than
adult offenders, the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned harsh sentences for juvenile offenders in the
quest for equality. - ANSWER: Proportionality
The Principle of Equality
-Relevant to the issue of equality under the law, the U.S. Supreme Court has occasionally applied a
principle of proportionality
•the punishment should be consistently related to the _______________ of the offense.
-Since psychosocial immaturity renders juveniles less culpable and more likely to be rehabilitated than
adult offenders, the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned harsh sentences for juvenile offenders in the
quest for equality. - ANSWER: Magnitude
The Principle of Equality
-Relevant to the issue of equality under the law, the U.S. Supreme Court has occasionally applied a
principle of proportionality
•the punishment should be consistently related to the magnitude of the offense.
