WGU Pathophysiology
D236 VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS 100%
Describe how your body responds to an infection. - ANSWER T cells produce
cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies.
Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. - ANSWER Mutations in
genes or chromosomal abnormalities
How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? - ANSWER Alterations of
DNA
Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. -
ANSWER (ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias.
Explain RAAS - ANSWER Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
> produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II > vasoconstriction >
release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water > Result less water lost in
urine and blood pressure maintained.
DKA - ANSWER increased anion gap, decreased HCO3
How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis - ANSWER retain H and excrete HCO3
Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? - ANSWER Potassium
West Nile Virus - ANSWER Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito.
Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck
Lyme disease - ANSWER Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia
burgdorferi.
,Erythema infectiosum - ANSWER a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed
by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease"
Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____. - ANSWER Spina
bifida
Trousseau's sign - ANSWER arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia
Cause and sign of spina bifida - ANSWER results from failure of neural tube to close.
sign - fluid filled sac on lower back.
hemophilia is more common in - ANSWER males
Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes - ANSWER ND-PAE, decreased brain function,
FAS
Connective vs muscle tissue disorders - ANSWER Connective- RA, Scleroderma,
Lupus
Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia
Describe Lupus - ANSWER Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain and
butterfly rash
Describe Myasthenia Gravis - ANSWER It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies
attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles over the course of
the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing.
dermatitis - ANSWER inflammation of the skin
eczema - ANSWER noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by
redness, blisters, scabs, and itching
decubitus ulcer - ANSWER sore caused by lying down for long periods of time
Fungal infections - ANSWER superficial, localized skin conditions or deep tissue
infections caused by exposure to spores
may or may not be transmitted
benign neoplasm - ANSWER noncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders
malignant neoplasm - ANSWER uncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular borders,
spreads
,Osteoporosis - ANSWER The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones
to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.
osteomalacia - ANSWER disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium
and vitamin D deficiency
myoglobin - ANSWER red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells
Bursa - ANSWER fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint
over another
Rickets - ANSWER a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones
Degenerative disk disease - ANSWER A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses
its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or
aging
Paget disease - ANSWER Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and
softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long
bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull
communiuted fracture - ANSWER splintered into many pieces
Three types of skin cancer - ANSWER 1. Basal cell carcinoma
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
3. Melanoma
basal cell carcinoma - ANSWER Most common and least severe type of skin cancer;
often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on
face due to sun exposure
squamous cell carcinoma - ANSWER Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell
carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm nodules.
Melanoma - ANSWER The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at
highest risk, usually black or brown lesion
consequences when integumentary system is disrupted - ANSWER impaired immunity
types of burns - ANSWER Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful
Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet/pink/painful
Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white/swollen/no pain
Viltigo - ANSWER localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white
patches
, ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA - ANSWER ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood
subdural hematoma - ANSWER collection of blood under the dura mater
Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease - ANSWER Alz - affects language and
memory
Park - affects all executive functioning
Huntington's disease - ANSWER Genetic disorder that causes progressive
deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until
about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement
Sclerosis - ANSWER abnormal condition of hardening
disorders that cause vision loss - ANSWER glaucoma - loss of pheripheral vision,
cataracts - cloudy vision, retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision
kyphosis - ANSWER excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the
back.
disorders that cause hearing loss - ANSWER Meniere's disease - changes in fluid in
tube of inner ear (imbalance and vertigo), Otitis media - middle ear infection
Predisposing factors of ischemic stroke - ANSWER a fib, carotid stenosis, cerebral
arteriosclerosis
rheumatoid arthritis - ANSWER A chronic systemic disease characterized by
inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling
deformities. Causes elevated WBC counts.
cerebral contusion - ANSWER the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury
that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull; symptoms: ringing in
ears, severe headache, n/v.
TIA vs CVA - ANSWER TIA =
-result when a cerebral artery is temp blocked and decreases blood flow to brain
Stroke= artery completely blocked
leading to death of brain and permanent loss of certain functions
multiple sclerosis - ANSWER A chronic, irreversible disease of the central nervous
system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal
cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision
and speech
aneurysm - ANSWER ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
D236 VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS 100%
Describe how your body responds to an infection. - ANSWER T cells produce
cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies.
Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. - ANSWER Mutations in
genes or chromosomal abnormalities
How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? - ANSWER Alterations of
DNA
Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. -
ANSWER (ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias.
Explain RAAS - ANSWER Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
> produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II > vasoconstriction >
release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water > Result less water lost in
urine and blood pressure maintained.
DKA - ANSWER increased anion gap, decreased HCO3
How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis - ANSWER retain H and excrete HCO3
Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? - ANSWER Potassium
West Nile Virus - ANSWER Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito.
Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck
Lyme disease - ANSWER Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia
burgdorferi.
,Erythema infectiosum - ANSWER a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed
by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease"
Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____. - ANSWER Spina
bifida
Trousseau's sign - ANSWER arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia
Cause and sign of spina bifida - ANSWER results from failure of neural tube to close.
sign - fluid filled sac on lower back.
hemophilia is more common in - ANSWER males
Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes - ANSWER ND-PAE, decreased brain function,
FAS
Connective vs muscle tissue disorders - ANSWER Connective- RA, Scleroderma,
Lupus
Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia
Describe Lupus - ANSWER Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain and
butterfly rash
Describe Myasthenia Gravis - ANSWER It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies
attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles over the course of
the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing.
dermatitis - ANSWER inflammation of the skin
eczema - ANSWER noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by
redness, blisters, scabs, and itching
decubitus ulcer - ANSWER sore caused by lying down for long periods of time
Fungal infections - ANSWER superficial, localized skin conditions or deep tissue
infections caused by exposure to spores
may or may not be transmitted
benign neoplasm - ANSWER noncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders
malignant neoplasm - ANSWER uncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular borders,
spreads
,Osteoporosis - ANSWER The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones
to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.
osteomalacia - ANSWER disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium
and vitamin D deficiency
myoglobin - ANSWER red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells
Bursa - ANSWER fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint
over another
Rickets - ANSWER a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones
Degenerative disk disease - ANSWER A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses
its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or
aging
Paget disease - ANSWER Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and
softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long
bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull
communiuted fracture - ANSWER splintered into many pieces
Three types of skin cancer - ANSWER 1. Basal cell carcinoma
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
3. Melanoma
basal cell carcinoma - ANSWER Most common and least severe type of skin cancer;
often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on
face due to sun exposure
squamous cell carcinoma - ANSWER Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell
carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm nodules.
Melanoma - ANSWER The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at
highest risk, usually black or brown lesion
consequences when integumentary system is disrupted - ANSWER impaired immunity
types of burns - ANSWER Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful
Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet/pink/painful
Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white/swollen/no pain
Viltigo - ANSWER localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white
patches
, ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA - ANSWER ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood
subdural hematoma - ANSWER collection of blood under the dura mater
Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease - ANSWER Alz - affects language and
memory
Park - affects all executive functioning
Huntington's disease - ANSWER Genetic disorder that causes progressive
deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until
about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement
Sclerosis - ANSWER abnormal condition of hardening
disorders that cause vision loss - ANSWER glaucoma - loss of pheripheral vision,
cataracts - cloudy vision, retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision
kyphosis - ANSWER excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the
back.
disorders that cause hearing loss - ANSWER Meniere's disease - changes in fluid in
tube of inner ear (imbalance and vertigo), Otitis media - middle ear infection
Predisposing factors of ischemic stroke - ANSWER a fib, carotid stenosis, cerebral
arteriosclerosis
rheumatoid arthritis - ANSWER A chronic systemic disease characterized by
inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling
deformities. Causes elevated WBC counts.
cerebral contusion - ANSWER the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury
that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull; symptoms: ringing in
ears, severe headache, n/v.
TIA vs CVA - ANSWER TIA =
-result when a cerebral artery is temp blocked and decreases blood flow to brain
Stroke= artery completely blocked
leading to death of brain and permanent loss of certain functions
multiple sclerosis - ANSWER A chronic, irreversible disease of the central nervous
system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal
cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision
and speech
aneurysm - ANSWER ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
