Test Bank for Introductory Chemistry, 6th Edition by
Nivaldo J. Tro, 9780134564074, Covering Chapters 1-19 |
Includes Rationales
Atom - ANSWER smallest identifiable unit of an element
Submicroscopic particles that are fundamental building blocks of matter
Molecules - ANSWER bonded atoms
Pressure - ANSWER result of collisions between gaseous molecules and the
surfaces around them
Used for soda-force gaseous carbon dioxide molecules to mix with liquid molecules
Chemistry - ANSWER the science that tries to understand how matter behaves by
studying how atoms and molecules behave
Scientific Method - ANSWER a way of learning that emphasizes observations and
experimentations
observations, formulation of hypothesis, the testing of hypotheses by experiment and
the formulation of laws and theories
Observation - ANSWER measurement of some aspect of nature/physical world
i.e. Antoine Lavoiser who studied combustion, burned substances in closed
containers, me assured ,ass pf each container and its content before and after
burning the substance inside, noting there was no change in the mass during
combustion
Hypothesis - ANSWER a tentative interpretation or explanation of the observation
a good hypothesis is falsifiable-further testing has potential to prove it wrong
Experiments - ANSWER highly controlled observations designed to validate or
invalidate hypothesis
After experimentation, hypothesis might have to be modified or discarded but if
modified, the revised hypothesis must go through experimentation again
Scientific Law - ANSWER A brief statement that summarizes past observations and
predicts future ones
sometimes a number of similar observations lead to the development of scientific law
, Theory - ANSWER are the models of the way nature is and often predict the
behavior that extends well beyond the observations and laws on which they were
founded
One or more well established hypotheses may form the basis for a scientific theory
provide a broader and deeper explanation for observations and laws
Atomic Theory - ANSWER John Dalton made a model of physical world and went
beyond laws and observations
Uncertainty - ANSWER numbers are written so that the uncertainty is indicated by
the last reported digit
i.e. 0.6 =0.6+0.1=.7
0.6-0.1=0.5
Scientific Notation - ANSWER a number written in scientific notation consists of
decimal part, a number that is between 1 and 10 and an exponential part 10 raised
to an exponent, n
1.2x10^2
1.2=decimal part
10=exponential part
2=exponential
Significant Figures - ANSWER non-place holding digits in a measurement
represent the precision of measured quantity-more sigfigs is more precise
Significant Figures Rules - ANSWER 1. All nonzero are significant
2.Interior zeros are significant
3.Trailing 0's that fall after decimal point are significant
4.Trailing 0's that fall before a decimal are significant
5.Leading 0's are not significant
6. Trailing 0's at the end of a number but before an implied decimal part are
ambiguous and should be avoided by using scientific notation
Exact numbers - ANSWER have an unlimited number of sigfigs
Originate from 3 sources:
1. exact counting of discrete objects
2. defined quantities such as number of cm in 1 in
3. integral number that are part of an equation
Sigfigs in Multiplication and Division - ANSWER result carries the same number of
sigfigs as the factor with the fewest sigfigs
Sigfigs in Rounding - ANSWER round down if the last digit dropped is 4 or less
Nivaldo J. Tro, 9780134564074, Covering Chapters 1-19 |
Includes Rationales
Atom - ANSWER smallest identifiable unit of an element
Submicroscopic particles that are fundamental building blocks of matter
Molecules - ANSWER bonded atoms
Pressure - ANSWER result of collisions between gaseous molecules and the
surfaces around them
Used for soda-force gaseous carbon dioxide molecules to mix with liquid molecules
Chemistry - ANSWER the science that tries to understand how matter behaves by
studying how atoms and molecules behave
Scientific Method - ANSWER a way of learning that emphasizes observations and
experimentations
observations, formulation of hypothesis, the testing of hypotheses by experiment and
the formulation of laws and theories
Observation - ANSWER measurement of some aspect of nature/physical world
i.e. Antoine Lavoiser who studied combustion, burned substances in closed
containers, me assured ,ass pf each container and its content before and after
burning the substance inside, noting there was no change in the mass during
combustion
Hypothesis - ANSWER a tentative interpretation or explanation of the observation
a good hypothesis is falsifiable-further testing has potential to prove it wrong
Experiments - ANSWER highly controlled observations designed to validate or
invalidate hypothesis
After experimentation, hypothesis might have to be modified or discarded but if
modified, the revised hypothesis must go through experimentation again
Scientific Law - ANSWER A brief statement that summarizes past observations and
predicts future ones
sometimes a number of similar observations lead to the development of scientific law
, Theory - ANSWER are the models of the way nature is and often predict the
behavior that extends well beyond the observations and laws on which they were
founded
One or more well established hypotheses may form the basis for a scientific theory
provide a broader and deeper explanation for observations and laws
Atomic Theory - ANSWER John Dalton made a model of physical world and went
beyond laws and observations
Uncertainty - ANSWER numbers are written so that the uncertainty is indicated by
the last reported digit
i.e. 0.6 =0.6+0.1=.7
0.6-0.1=0.5
Scientific Notation - ANSWER a number written in scientific notation consists of
decimal part, a number that is between 1 and 10 and an exponential part 10 raised
to an exponent, n
1.2x10^2
1.2=decimal part
10=exponential part
2=exponential
Significant Figures - ANSWER non-place holding digits in a measurement
represent the precision of measured quantity-more sigfigs is more precise
Significant Figures Rules - ANSWER 1. All nonzero are significant
2.Interior zeros are significant
3.Trailing 0's that fall after decimal point are significant
4.Trailing 0's that fall before a decimal are significant
5.Leading 0's are not significant
6. Trailing 0's at the end of a number but before an implied decimal part are
ambiguous and should be avoided by using scientific notation
Exact numbers - ANSWER have an unlimited number of sigfigs
Originate from 3 sources:
1. exact counting of discrete objects
2. defined quantities such as number of cm in 1 in
3. integral number that are part of an equation
Sigfigs in Multiplication and Division - ANSWER result carries the same number of
sigfigs as the factor with the fewest sigfigs
Sigfigs in Rounding - ANSWER round down if the last digit dropped is 4 or less
