NR 507 week 4-8 Latest Update
Questions with Approved Answers
Guaranteed Pass
5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors
The action of a 5-Alpha-reductase inhibitor causes:
A. Relaxation of the external sphincter.
B. Reduction of the size of the nodule that is causing obstruction.
C. Relaxation of the smooth muscle of the bladder neck.
D. Shrinkage of the prostate gland.
- Answer -Shrinkage of the prostate gland.
5-alpha-reductase inhibitors shrink the size of the prostate by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone
to dihydrotestosterone.
A 37-year-old woman presents to the primary care office with complaints of a persistent burning
sensation in her chest and upper abdomen. Her symptoms worsen at night while lying down and after a
meal and are associated with a sour taste in her mouth. She also reports insomnia. To help her sleep, she
drinks warm milk with a tablespoon of cocoa added every night and takes over the counter Pepcid.
She is a current smoker; ½ pack of cigarettes/day with a 25 pack-year history, and drinks 1 -2 glasses of
wine daily. The patient reports no past medical history and no medications.
The NP conducts a physical exam: • BP 118/70• HR 64• RR 20• afebrile• Ht. 5'4"• Wt. 186 lb.• BMI 31.9
All physical exam findings are normal except for her BMI.
This patient has symptoms of reflux esophagitis that include persistent burning that is worse at night
while lying down and a sour taste in the mouth. Her contributing factors include the i - Answer -
A 54-year-old female reports to the primary care office with complaints of frequent urination. She
reports that she is "leaking" urine several times a day, especially when she coughs, sneezes, or lifts a
heavy object. She indicates that she has not experienced any dysuria or any urgency. The NP looked at
the patient's previous urine culture obtained approximately 1 month ago and determined that it was
negative. Other than her urinary complaints, she is in otherwise good health. BP 128/76; HR 78 bpm; T
98.6; Ht. 5'4"; Wt: 180lbs.; BMI 30.9. The NP performs a physical exam and all findings are normal. The
urinalysis obtained was negative as well.
Based on patient's symptoms and negative physical exam, she has a typical Stress Incontinence
Urge Incontinence
,Overflow Incontinence
Neurogenic Incontinence. The leaking occurs when the abdominal pressure increases during coughing,
sneezing, and lifting. We can rule out ur - Answer -Stress Incontinence
A 70-year-old male presents to the primary care clinic with a complaint of a painful and swollen right
knee. On exam, the NP observes the knee as very warm to touch in addition to swelling. His recent lab
work reveals:• Creatinine of 2.6 mg/dL (0.6-1.2 mg/dL) • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 21/mL/min•
Hematocrit is 27% (40-54%) • Phosphorous is 9 mg/dL (3-4.5 mg/dL)• BP is 172/105 mmHg• He is
treated with prednisone, opioids, and colchicine
According to the patient's GFR, he is in Stage 4 renal failure, which is irreversible at this point. He will
most likely progress to Stage V where the only treatment is dialysis or a kidney transplant.
He also has other lab abnormalities that point to renal failure. His creatinine is elevated as well as his
phosphorous level. The elevated creatinine is due to the low GFR that is unable to filter the creatinine
from the blood into the kidney to be excreted. His elevated phosp - Answer -
Acid/Base Disturbance
The major acid/base disturbance in renal failure is:
A. Metabolic alkalosis.
B. Respiratory alkalosis.
C. Respiratory acidosis.
D. Metabolic acidosis. - Answer -The major acid/base disturbance in renal failure is metabolic
acidosis.
Active Phase
In the active phase of schizophrenia, the individual experiences more severe delusions, hallucinations
and disorganized behavior.
True
False - Answer -True: In the active phase of schizophrenia, the individual experiences more severe
delusions, hallucinations and disorganized behavior.
Acute Renal Failure
A pre-renal cause of acute renal failure is:
A. Hypotension.
B. Drug toxicity.
C. Obstruction.
D. Inflammation to the renal tubules. - Answer -Hypotension is a cause of pre-renal failure that
reduces blood flow to the kidneys.
,Acute Renal Failure
A pre-renal cause of acute renal failure is:
A. Hypotension.
B. Drug toxicity.
C. Obstruction.
D. Inflammation to the renal tubules. - Answer -Hypotension is a cause of pre-renal failure that
reduces blood flow to the kidneys.
Acute Renal Failure
Acute renal failure (ARF) involves a sudden loss of kidney function. The individual will experience:
Oliguria (< 30ml/hr).
Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.
Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities.
ARF is organ failure which means that the kidney is no longer functional.
The pathogenesis of ARF is divided into three categories (pre-renal, intrinsic, and post-renal). Each
category has its own area within the kidney that malfunctions. The following diagram provides and
overview of the three types of ARF and their causes:
Prerenal A sudden and severe drop in blood pressure (shock) or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys
from severe injury or illness
Intrarenal Direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or reduced blood
supply
Postrenal Sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumors, or
injury
Each type of ARF is - Answer -
Acute Renal Failure
Pre-renal is the most common cause of acute renal failure.
True
False - Answer -True: Pre-renal is the most common cause of acute renal failure.
Acute Renal Failure
The most common cause of acute renal failure is due to a pre-renal failure.
True
, False - Answer -True: This statement is true. The most common cause of acute renal failure is due
to a pre-renal failure.
Acute Renal Failure
Which of the following is the best indicator of a good prognosis for recovery from acute renal failure?
A. Dialysis is not needed.
B. The kidney responds to furosemide
C. BUN and Creatinine return to normal.
D. The potassium level returns to normal. - Answer -If the kidneys respond to furosemide it
indicates a good prognosis of recovery.
Acute renal failure - Answer -
Adhesion
An adhesion is the least common cause of a bowel obstruction.
True
False - Answer -False: An adhesion is the most common cause of bowel obstruction.
Adhesion
In an adhesion, two parts of the bowel are connected to one another by a fibrous band to create the
obstruction.
True
False - Answer -True: The definition of an adhesion is that two parts of the bowel are connected to
one another by a fibrous band.
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
In alcoholic cirrhosis, alcohol stimulates autoantibodies specific to the hepatic cells.
True
False - Answer -True: In alcoholic cirrhosis, alcohol stimulates autoantibodies specific to the
hepatic cell.
Aldosterone
Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
True
False - Answer -True: Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the
kidneys.
Questions with Approved Answers
Guaranteed Pass
5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors
The action of a 5-Alpha-reductase inhibitor causes:
A. Relaxation of the external sphincter.
B. Reduction of the size of the nodule that is causing obstruction.
C. Relaxation of the smooth muscle of the bladder neck.
D. Shrinkage of the prostate gland.
- Answer -Shrinkage of the prostate gland.
5-alpha-reductase inhibitors shrink the size of the prostate by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone
to dihydrotestosterone.
A 37-year-old woman presents to the primary care office with complaints of a persistent burning
sensation in her chest and upper abdomen. Her symptoms worsen at night while lying down and after a
meal and are associated with a sour taste in her mouth. She also reports insomnia. To help her sleep, she
drinks warm milk with a tablespoon of cocoa added every night and takes over the counter Pepcid.
She is a current smoker; ½ pack of cigarettes/day with a 25 pack-year history, and drinks 1 -2 glasses of
wine daily. The patient reports no past medical history and no medications.
The NP conducts a physical exam: • BP 118/70• HR 64• RR 20• afebrile• Ht. 5'4"• Wt. 186 lb.• BMI 31.9
All physical exam findings are normal except for her BMI.
This patient has symptoms of reflux esophagitis that include persistent burning that is worse at night
while lying down and a sour taste in the mouth. Her contributing factors include the i - Answer -
A 54-year-old female reports to the primary care office with complaints of frequent urination. She
reports that she is "leaking" urine several times a day, especially when she coughs, sneezes, or lifts a
heavy object. She indicates that she has not experienced any dysuria or any urgency. The NP looked at
the patient's previous urine culture obtained approximately 1 month ago and determined that it was
negative. Other than her urinary complaints, she is in otherwise good health. BP 128/76; HR 78 bpm; T
98.6; Ht. 5'4"; Wt: 180lbs.; BMI 30.9. The NP performs a physical exam and all findings are normal. The
urinalysis obtained was negative as well.
Based on patient's symptoms and negative physical exam, she has a typical Stress Incontinence
Urge Incontinence
,Overflow Incontinence
Neurogenic Incontinence. The leaking occurs when the abdominal pressure increases during coughing,
sneezing, and lifting. We can rule out ur - Answer -Stress Incontinence
A 70-year-old male presents to the primary care clinic with a complaint of a painful and swollen right
knee. On exam, the NP observes the knee as very warm to touch in addition to swelling. His recent lab
work reveals:• Creatinine of 2.6 mg/dL (0.6-1.2 mg/dL) • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 21/mL/min•
Hematocrit is 27% (40-54%) • Phosphorous is 9 mg/dL (3-4.5 mg/dL)• BP is 172/105 mmHg• He is
treated with prednisone, opioids, and colchicine
According to the patient's GFR, he is in Stage 4 renal failure, which is irreversible at this point. He will
most likely progress to Stage V where the only treatment is dialysis or a kidney transplant.
He also has other lab abnormalities that point to renal failure. His creatinine is elevated as well as his
phosphorous level. The elevated creatinine is due to the low GFR that is unable to filter the creatinine
from the blood into the kidney to be excreted. His elevated phosp - Answer -
Acid/Base Disturbance
The major acid/base disturbance in renal failure is:
A. Metabolic alkalosis.
B. Respiratory alkalosis.
C. Respiratory acidosis.
D. Metabolic acidosis. - Answer -The major acid/base disturbance in renal failure is metabolic
acidosis.
Active Phase
In the active phase of schizophrenia, the individual experiences more severe delusions, hallucinations
and disorganized behavior.
True
False - Answer -True: In the active phase of schizophrenia, the individual experiences more severe
delusions, hallucinations and disorganized behavior.
Acute Renal Failure
A pre-renal cause of acute renal failure is:
A. Hypotension.
B. Drug toxicity.
C. Obstruction.
D. Inflammation to the renal tubules. - Answer -Hypotension is a cause of pre-renal failure that
reduces blood flow to the kidneys.
,Acute Renal Failure
A pre-renal cause of acute renal failure is:
A. Hypotension.
B. Drug toxicity.
C. Obstruction.
D. Inflammation to the renal tubules. - Answer -Hypotension is a cause of pre-renal failure that
reduces blood flow to the kidneys.
Acute Renal Failure
Acute renal failure (ARF) involves a sudden loss of kidney function. The individual will experience:
Oliguria (< 30ml/hr).
Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.
Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities.
ARF is organ failure which means that the kidney is no longer functional.
The pathogenesis of ARF is divided into three categories (pre-renal, intrinsic, and post-renal). Each
category has its own area within the kidney that malfunctions. The following diagram provides and
overview of the three types of ARF and their causes:
Prerenal A sudden and severe drop in blood pressure (shock) or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys
from severe injury or illness
Intrarenal Direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or reduced blood
supply
Postrenal Sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumors, or
injury
Each type of ARF is - Answer -
Acute Renal Failure
Pre-renal is the most common cause of acute renal failure.
True
False - Answer -True: Pre-renal is the most common cause of acute renal failure.
Acute Renal Failure
The most common cause of acute renal failure is due to a pre-renal failure.
True
, False - Answer -True: This statement is true. The most common cause of acute renal failure is due
to a pre-renal failure.
Acute Renal Failure
Which of the following is the best indicator of a good prognosis for recovery from acute renal failure?
A. Dialysis is not needed.
B. The kidney responds to furosemide
C. BUN and Creatinine return to normal.
D. The potassium level returns to normal. - Answer -If the kidneys respond to furosemide it
indicates a good prognosis of recovery.
Acute renal failure - Answer -
Adhesion
An adhesion is the least common cause of a bowel obstruction.
True
False - Answer -False: An adhesion is the most common cause of bowel obstruction.
Adhesion
In an adhesion, two parts of the bowel are connected to one another by a fibrous band to create the
obstruction.
True
False - Answer -True: The definition of an adhesion is that two parts of the bowel are connected to
one another by a fibrous band.
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
In alcoholic cirrhosis, alcohol stimulates autoantibodies specific to the hepatic cells.
True
False - Answer -True: In alcoholic cirrhosis, alcohol stimulates autoantibodies specific to the
hepatic cell.
Aldosterone
Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
True
False - Answer -True: Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the
kidneys.
